’βyr-, Oss. βyr, Chor. The Median language was the language of the Medes. Old Persian went through a transformation during the Achaemenian era. It is a member of the Western Iranian branch of the Iranian languages, which are themselves a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian (or Indo-Aryan) family of languages. The Iranian languages form the major eastern branch of the Indo-European group of languages, itself part of the larger Indo-Iranian family. yâsp “horse;” Parth. kwf, Pers. girí-, Av. Pashto and Munji lenited further to /l/. Persian Western (Farsi) It is is spoken by close to 25 million people in Iran where it the official language 2. Abstract Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages The presented dissertation aims to bring new information concerning the classification of the Eastern Iranian languages. E.g. Yaghnobi 45. ). Wiesbaden: L. Reichert Verlag, 1989; p. 99. [13] Gernot L. Windfuhr, “Persian”, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Archaeology in the Near East, vol. ), Parachi and Ormuri occupy a special position as a “South-Eastern Iranian” group. Within Eastern Iranian one can establish several sub-groups of languages which are particularly closely related to one another, e.g. Idem (Edel’man), Sravnitel’naya grammatika vostochnoiranskikh yazykov, 2 vols., Moscow, 1986, 1990. Period: 3rd c. BC - 6/7th c. AD. avd, Shughni ūvd, Sanglichi ōvδ, Wakhi ɨb, Munji ōvda, Pashto ōwə < *hafta “seven;” Khot. These conventional terms correspond only partially to the real geographical situation of the languages and their speakers. Idem, An etymological Vocabulary of Pashto, Oslo, 1927. While Western Middle Iranian is represented by Middle Persian and Parthian, the chief Eastern Middle Iranian languages are Khotanese (with the closely related Tumshuqese), Sogdian, Chorasmian, and Bactrian, to which one may add the remnants of such languages as Sarmatian and Alanic (R. Bielmeier in Schmitt, pp. Eastern Iranian Languages. In particular, Khotanese, Sogdian, and Pashto have well-preserved case-systems, fairly strict rules of concord, and a variety of declensions. masiia-, Parth. The Iranian languages include some 84 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia.This language family is a part of the Indo-Iranian language family.Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages. Typical Eastern Iranian verbal forms include causatives and denominatives in *-āwaya- (Khot. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre . tōs?). OInd. Further reading "Contact and the diversity of noun-noun subordination . Iranien oriental ; Répartition géographique : Asie centrale , nord - ouest de l'Asie du Sud, Caucase . The Eastern Iranian area has been affected by widespread sound changes, e.g. Some eastern Iranian languages and dialects are spoken in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Punjab, and, Sindh to Xinjiang in northwestern China. EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES, term used to refer to a group of Iranian languages most of which are or were spoken in lands to the east of the present state of Persia. masišta-, Parth. Idem, Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages; I: Parachi and Ormuri, Oslo, 1929; II: Iranian Pamir Languages, Oslo, 1938. It is therefore more plausible to conceive of Eastern Iranian as a “Sprachbund” or areal grouping of languages. [8] A more localized sound change is the backing of the former retroflex fricative ṣ̌ [ʂ], to x̌ [x] or to x [χ], found in the Shughni–Yazgulyam branch and certain dialects of Pashto. The attested Middle Iranian languages seem rather to form a continuum from Middle Persian (South-Western) via Parthian (North-Western) to Bactrian, Chorasmian, and Sogdian (North-Eastern), with the Saka languages (Khotanese and Tumshuqese) at the opposite end of the spectrum. This appears to be cognate with nouns in other Eastern Iranian languages, such as a Persian word for "servant", dāh and the Sogdian dʾyh. paṭhuta, Sanglichi təδ, Zeb. The Eastern Iranian languages are traditionally divided into two subgroups: the South and the North Eastern Iranian. However, similar developments are found in Baluchi (North-Western Iranian), which is also spoken in close proximity to Indian. ), Tumshuqese duḏa, Chor. The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times (from c. the 4th century BC). v-, δ-, γ-, with a late change of δ to d analogous to that of θ to t in Western Yaghnobi.) δγd (= δuγda), Bactr. -dɨγd (in xodɨγd “sister-in-law”), Yazgh. Idem, Geneticheskie otnosheniya mundzhanskogo yazyka i shugnano-yazgulyamskoĭ gruppy, Leningrad, 1973. Par. Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan (along with Persian) and a recognized minority language in Pakistan. It is the only Iranian language, beside Persian, with nation-wide official status in a country. Persian priests continued to use the eastern Old Iranian languages in which the Avesta had originally been composed. V. S. Rastorgueva, ed., Opyt istoriko-tipologicheskogo issledovaniya iranskikh yazykov, 2 vols., Moscow, 1975. The modern period . The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BC), Middle Iranian (400 BC – 900 AD), and New Iranian (since 900 AD) . (A possible example is provided by the Av. duxt). Eastern Iranian is thought to have separated from Western Iranian in the course of the later 2nd millennium BC, and was possibly located at the Yaz culture. Modern Eastern Iranian languages such as Wakhi, however, are related to the eastern Scytho-Khotanese dialects attested from the kingdoms of Khotan and Tumshuq in the ancient Tarim Basin, in present-day southern Xinjiang, China. New Persian is described linguistically as an Indo-European language. Contact; Join the Community; About Wikistan. As of 2017 [5] The Persian Dari language spread and led to the extinction of Eastern Iranic languages like Bactrian, Khorezmian with only a tiny amount of Sogdian descended Yaghnobi speakers remaining among the now Persian speaking Tajik population of Central Asia, due to the fact that the Arab-Islamic army which invaded Central Asia also included some Persians who later governed the region like the Samanids. ted (but Ishkashmi sId) “burnt;” Alanic fourt, Oss. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. mästa- “great;” Av.azəm, Parth. Dahae (1,306 words) exact match in snippet view article find links to article Konow (1912). This comes after a thorough reconceptualization of our undergraduate major program. Eastern Iranian languages The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times. Estimated to have between 150 and 200 million native speakers, the Iranian languages The largest living Eastern Iranian language is Pashto, with some 50-60 million speakers between the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan. *ft , *xt (Эдельман 1984, 20–22). duals. Scholarly consensus holds that the Indo-Iranian languages include the … The above presented classification of the EIr. The most pervasive external influence on Eastern Iranian has been that exerted by the neighboring Indian languages, as is most evident in the development of aspirates (Khotanese, Parachi, Ormuri) and retroflex consonants (Khotanese, Pashto, etc.). However, the great majority of the Eastern Iranian languages have or had their main centers in areas to the east and north-east of Persia, in what are now Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and China. The Avestan language is often classified as early Eastern Iranian. ’kt, Oss. The Avestan language is often classified as early Eastern Iranian. D. cuppar, Shughni cavōr, Ishkashmi cIfur, Wakhi cəbᵛr, Pashto calōr, Orm. Most scholars subscribe to the hypothesis that the original homeland of Indo-Iranian was an area located northwest of the Indian subcontinent bordered by the Caspian sea in the east and Afghanistan in the north. MA Candidate. Middle Persian/Dari spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and Khurasan after the Arab conquests and during Islamic-Arab rule. also Pashto tāse, Orm. Many of the resulting final vowels survive in the modern Eastern Iranian languages. to about 1000 (some even later) include the following (from east to west): Khotanese, spoken in the Buddhist kingdom of Khotan located along the western part of the Southern Silk Road in Chinese Turkestan (q.v. δoγd, Sanglichi wuδəγδ, Wakhi δəγd, Yidgha luγdo < *duxtā (nom.) Schmitt (1989), p. 100. Khot. Common to most Eastern Iranian languages is a particularly widespread lenition of the voiced stops *b, *d, *g. Between vowels, these have been lenited also in most Western Iranian languages, but in Eastern Iranian, spirantization also generally occurs in the word-initial position. and Parth. Region: Parthia Proper (Khurasan) … γr-, Yagh. O. Pers. mēs) “day;” Khot. 151-79. The Eastern Iranian languages are traditionally divided into two subgroups: the South and the North Eastern Iranian. andhá-, Av. 165-72). Wanji D. I. Edelman, “History of the consonant systems of the North-Pamir languages,” IIJ XXII, 1980, pp. Ancient Eastern Iranian languages may have been spoken in the region around the time of the rise Dari (3,620 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article The Dari Persian language spread and led to the extinction of Eastern Iranian languages like Bactrian, Khwarezmian with only a tiny amount of Sogdian hana-, Sogd. One may suppose that at this stage the Iranian languages had only recently begun to diverge from one another, and that only the more peripheral languages had already developed markedly individual traits. Professor. 20-130. Country Official and national Languages Other spoken Languages Afghanistan Pashto (Pashtu, Pushtu) an Eastern Iranian language, it is the native language of the Pashtun people. prθwty, Shughni θud-, Wakhi θət- “burnt,” cf. Ishkashmi 38. In addition to Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan, it is also spoken in Oman, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Turkmenistan, East Africa and in diaspora communities in other parts of the world. māhī), since they can hardly have come about everywhere independently. Iranian languages constitute the major eastern branch of European languages, which itself is a part of the larger Indo-Iranian family. The Nuristani languages, formerly known as Kafiri languages, are one of the three groups within the Indo-Iranian language family, alongside the much larger Indo-Aryan and Iranian groups. In this case the members of the “Sprachbund” happen to be genetically related, but the special features which mark them out as a group result rather from centuries of contiguity, during which innovations will have spread from one language of the group to another and neighboring languages will have supported each other in the retention of shared features. Munji 40. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. The accent has a distinctive function in several languages, e.g., Ossetic (Iron xä´dzar “the house,” xädzár “a house”), Pashto (perfective préγ̌dəm to imperfective preγ̌də´m “I leave”) and Ormuri (á saṛai “this man,” a-saṛái “the man”). -ēw-; contrast Western Iranian *-ānaya-). Buy Access; Help; About; Contact Us; Cookies; Encyclopedias | Text editions Ancient Eastern Iranian languages may have been spoken in the region around the time of the rise. grī, Par. Classification linguistique : Indo-européen . Pashto (, rarely ; پښتو, Pax̌tō,), sometimes spelled Pukhto, is a language in the Eastern Iranian group of the Indo-European family. gairi-), often also “rock” or “pass” in the modern languages: Khot. 6, pp. By the Middle Iranian stage, when a larger number of distinct languages are attested, a classification into Western and Eastern Iranian becomes more meaningful. Eastern Iranian languages References Bibliography Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. The inscriptions of Artaxerxes II (404-359 BCE) and Artaxerxes III (359-338 BCE) show an evolution of the language and a noticeable difference from the language used in the inscriptions of Darius I (522-486 … There is controversy concerning the precise position of the language of the Indo-Iranian family first attested in Middle Eastern texts of about 1450–1350 bce.Some borrowed words and proper names appearing in these Hittite-Hurrian documents have been interpreted variously as belonging to Indo-Iranian, to an Indic subgroup of Indo-Iranian that had not yet fully split, or to Indo-Aryan proper. aspa-, Sogd. -ev-, Chor. and aspirates (in Khotanese, Parachi and Ormuri). The largest living Eastern Iranian language is Pashto, with some 50–60 million speakers between the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan. The largest living Eastern Iranian language is Pashto, including about 50 million people speaking between the rivers Oxus in Afghanistan and the Indus river in Pakistan. Old Persian evolved into Middle Persian, the language of the Parthian and Sassanian eras (3rd century BCE to 7th century CE) and eventually into Modern Persian. The Eastern Iranian languages are traditionally divided into two subgroups: the South and the North Eastern Iranian languages. Idem, “Neu-iranische Sprachen,” in HO, I/IV/1, Leiden and Cologne, 1958, pp. č > ts. The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BC), Middle Iranian (400 BC – 900 AD), and New Iranian (since 900 AD). The consonant clusters *ft and *xt have also been widely lenited, though again excluding Ormuri-Parachi, and possibly Yaghnobi. Indo-Iranian languages, group of languages constituting the easternmost major branch of the Indo-European family of languages; only the Tocharian languages are found farther east. 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