It has exacerbated economic inequalities, kept most of Egypt’s 80 million people in poverty, abetted brutality and torture by police and in the nation’s prisons, and stoked resentment and Islamist fervor against the regime. His regime was dictatorial, and massively repressive, especially towards the conclusion of his 23-year iron grip on the country. For two years, according to Martini, Italian and Algerian secret services worked together in order, on one hand, to avoid the growing destabilisation of Tunisia spilling over into Algeria, and on the other hand to control pro-Palestinian activities in Italy. [67], Mebazaa took the oath in his office in parliament, swearing to respect the constitution in the presence of his senate counterpart, Abdallal Kallel, and representatives of both houses. French television news was blocked in Tunisia during the trial. ", UNdata Record View Per Capita GDP at Current Prices, The African Challengers: Global Competitors Emerge from the Overlooked Continent, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_Report_2011-12.pdf, "Global Competitiveness Index, World Economic Forum", Field Listing: Population Below Poverty Line, The Report: Tunisia 2007: Country Profile, Tunisia's President Ben Ali Seeks Solidarity in Fight to End Poverty, ECOSOC Endorses Decision to Establish World Solidarity Fund to Eradicate Poverty and Promote Social Development, "Tunisie – Droits de l'Homme : après le harcèlement, l'asphyxie", "Dans le monde de l'après-11 septembre, seule la paix protège les libertés – Reporters sans frontières", "Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced out", "Tunisian leader flees amid protests, PM takes over", "Tunisia issues intl warrant for ousted president", "Ousted Tunisian president 'stashed' cash", "As Protests Mount, Tunisia Delays Cabinet Reshuffle", "Tunisians dissatisfied with quick Ben Ali verdict", "Ben Ali: My regime 'committed errors, abuses and violations, "Tunisia Leader Shaken as Riots Hit Hamlet of Hammamet", "Ousted Tunisian leader Ben Ali's family arrested", "BASMA Association for the Promotion of Employment of Disabled Persons", "First Lady Leila Ben Ali: Activities of the AWO Presidency", "Tunisia's Ben Ali, Autocrat Who Inspired Arab Spring Revolts, Dies in Exile", "Lawyer: Tunisia's toppled ruler Zine El Abidine Ben Ali dies", "Décès de l'ex président Zine El Abidine Ben Ali", "Tunisia's former president Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali has died: lawyer", "Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour", "Nelson Mandela – Speeches – Address by President Nelson Mandela at a banquet in honour of President Ben Ali of Tunisia", Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collected news and commentary, "Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali collected news and commentary", Tunisia: President Ben Ali stresses need to intensify cooperation to combat terrorism, Call by Ben Ali to establish 'World Solidarity Fund', Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity, Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity, National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali&oldid=1019862494, Democratic Constitutional Rally politicians, Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles, Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria, First Class of the Order of the Star of Romania, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox military person with embed, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Zine El Abidine Ben Haj Hamda Ben Haj Hassen Ben Ali, Grand Master of the Order of Independence, Grand Master of the National Order of Merit, Grand Master of the Order of the Seventh of November, This page was last edited on 25 April 2021, at 20:51. Ten Percent" for his long trail of kickbacks and corruption. In power since 1978, he is one of the Arab world’s longest-serving leaders. [32] However, at this and subsequent elections, opposition parties never accounted for more than 24 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The Quiet Pharaoh Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. On March 31, 2009, he was sworn in as prime minister for the second time after Kadima’s Tzipi Livni, who narrowly defeated him in the Feb. 10 election, failed to form a coalition. The RCD swept every seat in the legislature, and Ben Ali appeared alone on the ballot in Tunisia's first presidential election since 1974. In power since he orchestrated a bloodless coup in 1969, Muammar el-Qaddafi has been repressive, inclined to use violence, sponsor terrorism and dabble in weapons of mass destruction to advance his erratically revolutionary aims. (2020, August 26). Zardari’s past, like Bhutto’s, is riddled with charges of corruption. Less than a month later, the country’s longtime dictator, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, fled to … Yet Khamenei is essentially a dictatorial theocrat. On 13 January 2011, he announced he would not run for another term in 2014, and pledged steps to improve the economy and loosen restrictions on the press. It also allowed the president to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms and amended the upper age limit for a presidential candidate to 75 years old (previously 70). [21] In 1988, he changed the name of the ruling Destourian Socialist Party to the Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD), and pushed through constitutional amendments that limited the president to three five-year terms, with no more than two in a row. For many years, the press had been expected to practice self-censorship, but this increasingly gave way to official censorship. [9], Ben Ali joined the local resistance against French colonial forces and was imprisoned. In 2008, in terms of freedom of the press, Tunisia was ranked 143 out of 173. [43][44] The 2010/11 Global Competitiveness Report (Davos World Economic Forum) ranked Tunisia 1st in Africa and 32nd globally out of 139 countries[45] but it dropped to 40th in 2011/12 as a result of political instability[46] and was not ranked in 2012/13. The gold and jewellery will be redistributed to the people by the government. The Real Power behind Iran's Sham Democracy "Supreme Leader" Ali Khamenei. Tunisia took a middle of the road approach contributing to peacemaking, especially in the Middle East and Africa. On Nov. 7, 1987, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali became only the second president of Tunisia since the country gained independence from France in 1956. Saleh's presidential term ends in 2013. [70] On 28 January 2011, Interpol issued an arrest warrant for Ben Ali and his six family members, including his wife Leïla. He’s been ruling the country since, seemingly legitimizing his leadership through five elections that have been neither free nor fair, the last one on Oct. 25, 2009, when he was reelected with an improbable 90% of the vote. [41] Although growth in 2002 slowed to a 15-year low of 1.9% due to drought and lackluster tourism (partly due to some tourists being nervous about flying in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in New York), better conditions after 2003 helped push growth to about 5% of GDP. It was also announced that the speaker of parliament would occupy the post of president temporarily and that elections would be held within a period of between 45 and 60 days. He is revered by the Lebanese as a uniter. From Pakistan to Northwest Africa, and with a few exceptions along the way (in Lebanon, in Israel), people of the Middle East are ruled by three varieties of leaders, all of them men: authoritarian men (in most countries); men creeping toward the standard authoritarian model of Middle East rule (Iraq); or men with more proclivities for corruption than authority (Pakistan, Afghanistan). [23] In conformity with Article 57 of the Tunisian Constitution, the peaceful transition occurred. Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (Arabic: زين العابدين بن علي , Zayn al-'Ābidīn bin 'Alī; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019), commonly known as Ben Ali (Arabic: بن علي ) or Ezzine (Arabic: الزين ), was a Tunisian politician who was the second President of Tunisia from 1987 until his fall in 2011 after the revolution of Tunisia . [16] He also served as the military intelligence chief from 1964 to 1974 and later Director General of national security between December 1977 and 1980 until he was appointed as Minister of Defense. His election, by the Lebanese Parliament, ended an 18-month constitutional crisis that had left Lebanon without a president and brought Lebanon close to civil war. See also: The Statue of Liberty's Egyptian Origins. Mohammed considers himself Morocco’s absolute authority and “leader of the faithful,” fostering a legend that he’s a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. He has been writing for more than 20 years. A report published in July 2010 by the Boston Consulting Group (The African Challengers: Global Competitors Emerge from the Overlooked Continent) listed Tunisia as one of the African "Lions" and indicated the eight such countries account for 70% of the continent's gross domestic product. Turnout was officially reported at 95%. He is rumored to be grooming his son for the position, which would weaken Saleh's claim, already shaky, that he intends to advance Yemen's democracy. Ben Ali was appointed Prime Minister in October 1987. He’s never been convicted on any of the charges but served a total of 11 years in prison. Privatization, increasing foreign investment, improvements in government efficiency and reduction of the trade deficit presented challenges for the future. [23][24] Ben Ali favoured the latter. [14][15], In April 1980,[13] Ben Ali was appointed ambassador to Poland, and served in that position for four years. "[67], However, this arrangement was very short-lived, because early the following day (15 January 2011) the Constitutional Council of Tunisia determined that Ben Ali was not "temporarily unable" to exercise his duties and that the presidency was in fact vacant. [73] His statement came as a reaction to the public hearing sessions made by the Truth and Dignity Commission in Tunisia. 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