Babajuma, Malomo. [4] Although Kuti is often credited as the only pioneer of Afrobeat, other musicians such as Orlando Julius Ekemode were also prominent in the early Afrobeat scene, where they combined highlife, jazz and funk. Awosika, V. O. The Ghanaian E. T. Mensah, easily the most popular highlife performer of the 1950s, toured Igbo-land frequently, drawing huge crowds of devoted fans. Modern day Yoruba film and theater music composers among whom Tope Alabi is the flagbearer have variously accompanied dramatic actions with original music. In many parts of Nigeria, musicians are allowed to say things in their lyrics that would otherwise be perceived as offensive. Afro-juju was a combination of Afrobeat and fuji, and it ignited such fervor among Shina's fans that the phenomenon was dubbed "Shinamania". However, palm-wine originally referred to a diverse set of styles played with string instruments, characteristically, guitars or banjos) with shakers and hand drums accompanying[11] This urban style was frequently played in bars to accompany drinking (hence the name, which is derived from the alcoholic palm wine beverage). Ibadan: Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), University of Ibadan(revised edition), 2014. At the same time, apala's Haruna Ishola was becoming one of the country's biggest stars. These include long trumpets, frequently made of aluminium and played in pairs or ensembles of up to six, often accompanied by a shawm. Also, the general rapid growth of the entertainment scene with support from the media helped popularise Hiphop music in Nigeria. When talking about reggae music in Nigeria, this brand of music was started by a musician simply called "Terakota". Nigerian theatre makes extensive use of music. Pit- and box-resonated xylophones are also found. There are other songs, such as among the Tarok people that are sexually explicit and obscene, and are only performed far away from the home. These influences stemmed from the importation of brass instruments, sheet music, Islamic percussion and styles brought by Brazilian merchants. Two of the biggest stars of the '80s were Segun Adewale and Shina Peters, who started their careers performing in the mid-'70s with Prince Adekunle. The Igbo people live in the south-east of Nigeria, and play a wide variety of folk instruments. Modern styles such as Ayinde Barrister's fuji, Salawa Abeni's waka and Yusuf Olatunji's sakara are derived primarily from Yoruba traditional music.Yoruba music have now come of age and the new generation of Nigerian music now sing in their native language. In the 1990s, however, fuji and jùjú remained popular, as did waka music and Nigerian reggae. Listening to Timi Korus Babe mi Jowo and Flosha denotes artist home and abroad now rap and sing in yoruba and not forgetting their heritage. [16] Fuji was a synthesis of apala with the "ornamented, free-rhythmic" vocals of ajisari devotional musicians[17] and was accompanied by the sakara, a tambourine-drum, and Hawaiian guitar. Yorùbá Music in the Twentieth Century: Identity, Agency and Performance Practice. In Europe and North America, so-called "world music" acts came from all over the world and played in a multitude of styles. This age was the Golden Age of the Yoruba. With all due respect Ayinla Kollington is a coherent social commentator. Fuji has been described as jùjú without guitars; ironically, Ebenezer Obey once described jùjú as mambo with guitars. Drums of many kinds are the most common type of percussion instrument in Nigeria. [13], Apala is a style of vocal and percussive Muslim Yoruba music. At that time, the Yoruba people already lived in fortresses with high walls, and had a population of 100,000, surpassing many other populated areas, though still not comparable to the most populated city in Africa today, which is Lagos, Nigeria with 20 million people. (n.d.). A brief period in the United States saw him exposed to the Black Power movement and the Black Panthers, an influence that he would come to express in his lyrics. Bobby Benson & His Combo was the first Nigerian highlife band to find audiences across the country. Fuji was named after Mount Fuji in Japan, purely for the sound of the word, according to Ayinde Barrister. Lagos, the main city, is overflowing with tech industries, posh restaurants and clubs, and an exploding arts scene, this megacity is the face of modern Africa. Rochester: University of Rochester Press (Eastman/Rochester Studies in Ethnomusicology), 2012. For example, festivals and other events with many participants may have accelerated infections. The people of the North are known for complex percussion instrument music, the one-stringed goje, and a strong praise song vocal tradition. Some Jùjú musicians were itinerant, including early pioneers Ojoge Daniel, Irewole Denge and the "blind minstrel" Kokoro. Graham, Ronnie. In the northern regions, farmers work together on each other's farms and the host is expected to supply musicians for his neighbours. Like many later Nigerian reggae stars, Fashek was a part of the long-running band The Mandators, who toured and recorded incessantly during the mid to late 1980s and early '90s. Struck gourds, placed on a cloth and struck with sticks, are a part of women's music, as well as the bòòríí cult dances. Omojola, Bode. The arched harp is found in the eastern part of the country, especially among the Tarok. In the 1980s, Afrobeat became affiliated with the burgeoning genre of world music. Violence and Politics in Nigeria: The Tiv and Yoruba Experience, 1982. Nigerian Art Music. In this genre of music African musicians incorporate Jamaican patois into their lyrics and beats. The most common format for music in Nigeria is the call-and-response choir, in which a lead singer and a chorus interchange verses, sometimes accompanied by instruments that either shadow the lead text or repeat and ostinato vocal phrase. Children also use instruments like un-pitched raft zithers (made from cornstalks) and drums made from tin cans, a pipe made from a pawpaw stem and a jaw harp made from a sorghum stalk. Frame drums are also found in Nigeria, but may be an importation from Brazil. Tribal rivalry had resulted in riots on May 29th, 1962, and saw the Yoruba being subjected to increased discrimination. The Yoruba have a drumming tradition, with a characteristic use of the dundun hourglass tension drums. The music of Nigeria includes many kinds of folk and popular music, styles of folk music are related to the multitudes of ethnic groups in the country, each with their own techniques, instruments, and songs. During the 1950s, recording technology grew more advanced, and the gangan talking drum, electric guitar and accordion were incorporated into jùjú. Various bells are a common part of royal regalia, and were used in secret societies. Omojola, Bode. Nigeria is divided into six geopolitical zones which consist of states with close geographical location, similar history, cultures and political ideologies.. They now typically use European instruments, film extracts and recorded music. Upon release, Kuti continued to criticise the government in his songs, and became known for eccentric behaviour, such as suddenly divorcing all twenty-eight wives because "no man has the right to own a woman's vagina". In Nigeria, palm-wine became the primary basis for jùjú, a genre that dominated popular music for many years. Religion also figures in the rivalry between tribes in Nigeria, as in the Kano Riot of May 1st, 1953 against non-Muslims. Ishola, who was one of Nigeria's most consistent hit makers between 1955 and his death in 1983, recorded apala songs, which alternated between slow and emotional, and swift and energetic. [4] Obey released Current Affairs in 1980 on Virgin Records and became a brief star in the UK, but was not able to sustain his international career as long as Ade. The first acts included Sound on Sound, Emphasis, Ruff Rugged & Raw, SWAT ROOT, De Weez and Black Masquradaz. It emerged in the late 1930s as a means of rousing worshippers after the fasting of Ramadan. "From Hausa Music to Highlife". [8] This novel film scoring technique unique to the Nigerian film industry draws upon the art of storytelling in indigenous communities of Nigeria, displaying qualities of the communities’ languages, songs, dances, and dramas.[9]. [4] these varieties are better-known than Nigerian palm-wine. In these festivals, a community of humans celebrates a community of Orishas, mingling the human with the divine. 592–593 Graham describes the origins of Peters' Afro-juju, the importance of, Afropop: Juju Afropop refers to the time period for, Graham, pg. [3] The most widespread instrument is the 13-stringed zither, called an obo. In 1985, Kuti was jailed for five years, but was released after only two years after international outcry and massive domestic protests. Rattles are common, made of gourds containing seeds or stones are common, as are net-rattles, in which a string network of beads or shells encloses a gourd. They are one of the largest groups of ethnic Africans on the continent. A bowl-resonated spike-fiddle with a lizard skin table is used in the northern region, and is similar to central Asian and Ethiopian forms. Courtly music is played among the more traditional Igbo, maintaining their royal traditions. [4], The Yo-pop craze did not last for long, replaced by Shina Peters' Afro-juju style, which broke into the mainstream after the release of Afro-Juju Series 1 (1989). Television Programmes like Videowheels, HipTV, Music Africa, the MTN Y'ello show, Music Africa, Nigezie, and Soundcity played a major role. Musicians were a central presence at celebrations, and the Yoruba always dressed in colorful costumes on these occasions. Religious festivals are also popular events that attract thousands around the region, and drums are an essential part of the music during these religious celebrations. [11] these performers brought jùjú from the rural poor to the urban cities of Nigeria and beyond. Omojola, Bode. Popular Music in Western Nigeria: Theme, Style and Patronage. However, there are also distinct styles of music used in Nigerian opera. His death from AIDS in 1997 sparked a period of national mourning that was unprecedented in documented Nigerian history.[25]. Benson was followed by Jim Lawson & the Mayor's Dance Band, who achieved national fame in the mid-'70s, ending with Lawson's death in 1971. [7] Early television dramas in this era utilized folklore and songs from popular indigenous genres like Nigerian highlife as well as indigenous languages like Igbo, Yoruba, and so on. It is used both as a women's court instrument and by children in teasing games. By the 1960s, Cuban, American and other styles of imported music were enjoying a large following, and musicians started to incorporate these influences into jùjú. Meal times may include pie, and other dessert foods for the holidays.[4]. Then, with the 1966 coup by the Ibo (Igbo) people, there resulted the slaughter of a number of Northern Ibo people. Yoruba music has become the most important component of modern Nigerian popular music, as a result of its early influence from European, Islamic and Brazilian forms. 9ice is one of many that broke into the industry with Gongo Aso and many more artist followed. Other holidays in which music plays an important role include drumming and dances performed at Christmas, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday. [2] Although some Nigerians, especially children and the elderly, play instruments for their own amusement, solo performance is otherwise rare. ... Local festivals are usually dedicated to individual deities. During the same period, other highlife performers were reaching their peak. [27] Over the years most Nigerian female artists stuck to the contemporary African music, but in the 21st century several female artists began to diversify into other genres like Rap, Hip-hop and Afrobeats. Hausa is the most widely spoken and understood language in Nigeria. The Igbo also play slit drums, xylophones, flutes, lyres, udus and lutes, and more recently, imported European brass instruments. Children in Nigeria have many of their own traditions, usually singing games. 593 Graham does not cite a specific source beyond Ebenezer Obey, and explains that fuji is only, Graham, pgs. Traditional music from Nigeria and throughout Africa is almost always functional; in other words, it is performed to mark a ritual such as a wedding or funeral and not to achieve artistic goals. 591–592 Graham discusses at length the rivalry between Ade and Obey that spurred so much innovation, Graham, pgs. The music of Nigeria includes many kinds of folk and popular music, styles of folk music are related to the multitudes of ethnic groups in the country, each with their own techniques, instruments, and songs. Ensembles using the dundun play a type of music that is also called dundun. Rattles are typically played in ritual or religious context, predominantly by women. The Hwana, for example, believe that all songs are taught by the peoples' ancestors, while the Tiv give credit to named composers for almost all songs, and the Efik name individual composers only for secular songs. Kakaki trumpets can be more than two metres long, and can be easily broken down into three portable parts for easy transportation. Sowande was also an organist and jazz musician, incorporating these and elements of Nigerian folk music into his work. "Sweet Mother" was a best-selling single across Africa, Graham, pg. The Yoruba celebrate around 13 important festivals annually. Women use complex rhythms in housekeeping tasks, such as pounding yams to highly ornamented music. Little is known about the country's music history prior to European contact, although bronze carvings dating back to the 16th and 17th centuries have been found depicting musicians and their instruments. The earliest styles of Nigerian popular music were palm-wine music and highlife, which spread in the 1920s among Nigeria and nearby countries of Liberia, Sierra Leone and Ghana. During this time, a few other styles such as apala, derived from traditional Yoruba music, also found a more limited audience. They help to keep the rhythm of workers in fields, river canoes and other fields. The music required two or three talking drums (omele), a rattle (sekere), thumb piano (agidigbo) and a bell (agogo). The more recent generations have freely moved to the United Kingdom and the United States since the 1970s. The Hausa and Kanuri peoples play a variety of spike-lutes. The ufie (slit drum) is used to wake the chief and communicate meal times and other important information to him. After living in London briefly, he moved back to Lagos and opened a club, The Shrine, which was one of the most popular music spots in the city. The country’s major ethnic groups, which make up about two-thirds of the total population, include the Hausa and Fulani in the north, the Yoruba in western Nigeria, and the Igbo in eastern Nigeria. Explore Nigeria holidays and discover the best time and places to visit. Land disputes between Cameroon and Nigeria are another source of conflict that the Yoruba all too often find themselves mixed up in. Waka was a fusion of jùjú, fuji and traditional Yoruba music. Following World War II, Tunde Nightingale's s'o wa mbe style made him one of the first jùjú stars, and he introduced more Westernised pop influences to the genre. Those of Yoruba ancestry can be found in Santa Lucia, Brazil, Cuba, Grenada, and Trinidad and Tobago. Apala, a traditional style from Ogun state, one of yoruba state in Nigeria, became very popular in the 1960s, led by performers like Haruna Ishola, Sefiu Ayan, Kasumu Adio, and Ayinla Omowura. These talented Yoruba people include among them British actors, Hollywood stars, rappers, singers, and National Basketball Association players, among other professions. Mbarga used English lyrics in a style that he dubbed panko, which incorporated "sophisticated rumba guitar-phrasing into the highlife idiom". Omojola, Bode. Some thriving acts such as Kiss Daniel, Tekno, Mc Galaxy, Adekunle Gold, Dammy Krane, Erigga, and Lil Kesh have over the years gotten great attention for their songs. With Africa 70, Kuti recorded a series of hits, earning the ire of the government as he tackled such diverse issues as poverty, traffic and skin-bleaching. Opened in 1970, Oyotunji Yoruba African Kingdom offers visitors a glimpse into the long intricate history and unique way of life of the Yoruba of south west Nigeria.Yoruba history and culture is preserved through historical documents, monthly festivals, decorative temples, workshops, archival photographs and … This page was last edited on 29 April 2021, at 10:33. Traditional stars included the Hausa Dan Maraya, who was so well known that he was brought to the battlefield during the 1967 Nigerian Civil War to lift the morale of the federal troops. Ayinde's rival was Ayinla Kollington, "Baba Alatika", known for fast tempo and dance-able brand of fuji, who also recorded hit albums like "ko bo simi lo'run mo e, in the 80s he released "ijo yoyo, Lakukulala and American megastar" to mention few of his successful albums. In the early 1980s, both Obey and Ade found larger audiences outside of Nigeria. Nigeria has been referred to as "The Giant of Africa," due to the large population and distinct economic achievements in comparison to countries that surround this land. 2. Notable Yoruba . The vast majority of the Yoruba population is from Nigeria, where the Yoruba make up 13.9% of the country's population, making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. Work songs are a common type of traditional Nigerian music. The hourglass drum is the most common shape, although there are also double-headed barrel drums, single-headed drums and conical drums. [23] His success opened up the field to newcomers, however, leading to the success of Fabulous Olu Fajemirokun and Adewale Ayuba. Retrieved October 13, 2014, from, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/majek-fashek-mn0000236645/biography, "Top 7 queens of the Nigerian music industry", "Fela Sowande: Nigerian Composer, Organist & Professor", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&oldid=1020487616, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. His work became a formative influence on the developing fuji style. Nigeria's population is multi-ethnic with more than 250 groups having a variety of customs, religions, traditions, and languages. Since the introduction of television in 1959, the growing television and film industries have sourced a large amount of their artists and musical structure from Nigeria’s extensive indigenous theater, which, in turn, evolved from festivals and religious ceremonies. Wizkid, Davido, Olamide, Burna Boy, Vector, Reminisce, Ice Prince and M.I Abaga. Obey's lyrics addressed issues that appealed to urban listeners, and incorporated Yoruba traditions and his conservative Christian faith. Following a surprise appearance in place of his father, Fela, Femi Kuti garnered a large fan base that enabled him to tour across Europe. The location of Sabe, the old capital of the Yoruba kingdom, in Benin Republic, rather than Nigeria, made Yai realize early how the Europeans manipulated the African continent. Here, music is used to convey an impression of the dramatic action to the audience. The 1999 founding of Paybacktyme Records by Solomon Dare, popularly known as Solodee, Kennis Music by Kenny Ogungbe, Dove Records by Nelson Brown, and Trybe Records by eLDee helped redefined and establish a Nigerian hip hop scene. One of the most common types is a notched stick, played by dragging a shell across the stick at various speeds. These people have in fact often become international stars in their chosen fields. By the end of the '80s and early '90s, Afrobeat had diversified by taking in new influences from jazz and rock and roll. King probably coined the word jùjú — a style of music he helped to create — in reference to the sound of a Brazilian tambourine; alternatively, the term may have developed as an expression of disdain by the colonial leaders (any native tradition was apt to be dismissed as 'mere joujou, French for "nonsense"). A New Political Philosophy for Nigeria and Other African Countries, 1967. Though he was awarded Juju Musician of the Year in 1990, Shina's follow-up, Shinamania sold respectively but was panned by critics. Ibadan: Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), University of Ibadan, 1995. Rock N' roll, soul, and later funk, became very popular in Nigeria, and elements of these genres were added to jùjú by artists such as IK Dairo. The British coronavirus variant may also be a relevant factor in … The result was that highlife ceased to be a major part of mainstream Nigerian music, and was thought of as being something purely associated with the Igbos of the east. How Many Serial Killers Are On The Loose Today. Although popular styles such as highlife and jùjú were at the top of the Nigerian charts in the '60s, traditional music remained widespread. 590 Graham claims that the word, Afropop: Apala Afropop cites this claim as. The xylophone is a tuned idiophone, common throughout west and central Africa. Other These artists, along with Tunde King, established the core of the style[11] which was called jùjú, and remained one of the most popular genres in Nigeria throughout the 20th century. Traditional Yoruba life was dictated by elected priestly monarchs and a council of other minor noble leaders. In 1963, he became the only African musician ever honoured by receiving membership of the Order of the British Empire, an order of chivalry in the United Kingdom. Such notable people of Yoruba ancestry are Cassandra Wilson, Femi Emiola, Glenda Hatchett, Nas, Wale, Donald Faison, Angélique Kidjo, Rockmond Dunbar, Brendon Ayanbadejo, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, DeLisha Milton-Jones, Hakeem Olajuwon, Safiya Songhai, and Adewale Ogunleye. Yoruba Beliefs and Origin, Countries With The Most People Living Abroad - Emigration Rate by Country, The 10 Least Populated Countries in Africa, 10 Countries Where Women Far Outnumber Men, The Most Famous Serial Killers In America And Their Twisted Crimes. In the early to mid-1970s, three of the biggest names in Nigerian music history were at their peak: Fela Kuti, Ebenezer Obey and King Sunny Adé, while the end of that decade saw the start of Yo-pop and Nigerian reggae. 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Dramatic actions with original music this page was last edited on 29 April 2021 at... And jazz musician, incorporating these and elements of highlife, and is similar to Asian! Brief partnership as Shina Adewale & the International Brothers in 1964, other. A stick Recherche en Afrique ( IFRA ), University of ibadan, 1995 otherwise perceived... Into six geopolitical zones which consist of states with close geographical location, similar history, cultures and ideologies! Harp is found in Nigeria have many of their own traditions, gods... Of foreign styles, and Trinidad and Tobago late 1980s, Afrobeat had by! Nigeria as a whole the industry with Gongo Aso and many more artist followed April 2021, 10:33... Edition ), University of ibadan ( revised edition ), University of ibadan ( revised edition,! Talking about reggae music in Nigeria accompanies battles in which the character is involved their lyrics that would be! In Islamic orchestras of the 1980s, both Obey and Ade, drums. Of rochester Press ( Eastman/Rochester Studies in Ethnomusicology ), 2014 yoruba festivals in nigeria to the United since! Akintan created yorubeat based on Yorùbá rhythms fuji grew steadily more popular between the 1960s and '70s becoming... Kuti was jailed for five years, but was panned by critics group 's name to yoruba festivals in nigeria fuji ''...
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