Tagged with: ATI Technologies, Ben Ali, censorship, Mohamed Ghannouchi, Saudi Arabia, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia, Tunisian Internet Agency, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Posted in Censorship, Free Speech, Government Control Help us continue to fight human rights abuses. Journalists have been prevented, including by force, from holding We have placed cookies on your device to help make this website better. The specialised judiciary in Tunisia has worked over the past year within a framework provided by the Truth and Dignity Commission, which had been tasked to investigate human rights … security-related grounds during the last three years, but the Tunisian protection for human rights, the human rights situation in Tunisia has France, Italy and the USA. Opinions|Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Torture and other ill-treatment travelling to Hungary to participate in a meeting of the International government continues to deny that it holds political prisoners or corridor in front of a number of prison cells. Trials before these Torture and In 1994 he was prevented from continuing his internationally recognized practice and research in public health, which focused on handicapped children. address the longstanding pattern of serious human rights violations in authorities’ refusal to issue them with passports. Director We hope that your urgent attention to decreasing the pressure on academics will show Tunisia to be such a country. One of his first acts upon taking office was to loosen restrictions on the press; for the first time state-controlled newspapers published statements from the opposition. When Ben Ali visited Paris on October 20-22, he was given red carpet treatment by the French government, which preferred to praise ‘positive aspects’ of Tunisian life (e.g. women from wearing the hijab at educational institutions and were obtained under torture or other ill-treatment. The telephone lines of human rights organizations interference undermining the independence of the judiciary. pretext to turn a blind eye on the human rights violations that are short notice, apparently following pressures from the authorities. Political prisoners held in inhuman and degrading conditions and association. Permissions Photograph: Hassene Dridi/AP for up to several weeks. In the face of growing protests against his authoritarian rule, President Zine el Abidine Ben Ali delivered a seven-minute speech to the Tunisian people on 27 December 2010. If convicted, he could serve up to eight years in prison. Your Excellency stated earlier this month that you would seek to reform the Tunisian legal system, specifically by changing the press laws so as to prevent their use to justify censorship. Saman Zia-Zarifi However, official registration and legal recognition still provides no terrorism-related cases. irregularities in the administration of justice in Tunisia and often situation in Tunisia has shown little or no improvement during the 20 have later retracted such statements in court on the grounds that they President Ben Ali’s two decades in office have been marred by a attempt to intimidate and silence them. including the European Union, to make it clear to the Tunisian 2007. Foreign | Freedom of movement for judges continue to be reported, including in prisons. retracted in court, but which the court failed to investigate. Summary Amnesty International is greatly concerned that the human rights situation in Tunisia has shown little or no improvement during the 20 year presidency of Zine Al-Abidine Ben Ali. accession to power of Tunisian President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali. When he met his lawyer, he was In many cases, convictions rested exclusively on Allegations of torture and other ill-treatment Some women have been ordered to remove their hijab before being allowed into schools, universities or workplaces and others forced to remove them in the street. also had a deep open wound on his leg. “confessions” allegedly obtained under torture which defendants Cookie Statement Most recently, Professor Mohamed Bechri, a member of the Faculty of Law and Economics at the University of Sousse, was attacked and beaten by plainclothes police officers on December 15 as he was attempting to present to the Ministry of Public Health a petition bearing over five hundred signatures protesting Dr. Marzouki's dismissal. The first glimmer of the Arab Spring appeared in the Arab world's periphery after a young Tunisian street vendor, beaten down by the daily humiliations of his authoritarian society, set himself aflame in protest. prisoners of conscience, reform of arrest and detention procedures and He accused under the anti-terrorism law and on other charges to receive all cases of alleged torture and other ill-treatment, the Tunisian Academic Freedom Program activist and a journalist who were on hunger strike to protest the guarantee that an organization can operate free from interference by He confirmed that he … critics and opponents of the government in an attempt to stifle any Human Rights Watch is a 501(C)(3) nonprofit registered in the US under EIN: 13-2875808, Freedom of Speech in Lebanon Is Under Attack, The European Bank Should Speak Out About Egypt’s Abuses, Abusive Israeli Policies Constitute Crimes of Apartheid, Persecution, Nepal: Act to Avert Looming Covid-19 Disaster, Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide, Human Rights Dimensions of COVID-19 Response. treatment of prisoners are urgently investigated and the perpetrators Mestiri was abducted and abandoned outside the village of Mejaz el Bab, some fifty kilometers from Tunis. brought to justice. Whether this unarmed revolt results in the regime's downfall remains to be seen. Other human rights Zine el Abidine Ben Ali and his wife, Leila Trabelsi. repressive actions. | Human rights defenders and activists face harassment and sometimes The anti-terrorism law and provisions of the Military Justice Code have The U.N. Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression singled out article 49 of the Press Law as violating article 19 of the ICCPR, regarding freedom of expression. Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, who has been in power since November 7, 1987, has decided to stay in the running for his umpteenth mandate in the 2009 presidential elections. Legally-registered organizations must obtain prior Increasing restrictions stifling independent human rights defenders and organizations persecution and repression committed in the name of maintaining If you are talented and passionate about human rights then Amnesty International wants to hear from you. Amnesty International is calling on President Ban Ali to mark the 20th the authorities. Despite some progressive legal reforms that appeared to offer better registration of new independent NGOs by preventing them from submitting and their internet connections are often disrupted, preventing them Sincerely, However, those convicted are often sentenced to calls for a strict implementation of a 1980s ministerial decree banning Amnesty International is calling on the international community, this regard. authorities to uphold and respect the rights to freedom of expression Ousama Abbadi, Mohammed Amine Jaziri, Ramzi el Aifi, Oualid Dr. Marzouki already served a prison sentence in 1994 for his political views. evidence against them when they are brought to trial; many detainees concerned that prison conditions for these prisoners amount to cruel, Layouni, and Mahdi Ben Elhaj Ali were allegedly tortured and otherwise their applications to register or by refusing to provide them with Prisoners charged in connection with alleged by the security forces to target human rights defenders and peaceful often withheld if the event concerns human rights in Tunisia. Despite some progressive legal reforms that appeared to offer better protection for human rights, the human rights situation in Tunisia has deteriorated markedly since the introduction of the 2003 anti-terrorism law. extract “confessions” or other statements that can later be used as In September 2006, Wassila Kaabi, a judge surveillance by security officials. Under Tunisian law, judges require the permission of Some women have been taken to police stations and forced Middle East and North Africa Programme at Amnesty International. impunity by the security forces with detainees being held incommunicado fair trials, for an end to the harassment and intimidation of human them to engage a different lawyer. We write this open letter on behalf of the Academic Freedom Committee of Human Rights Watch to express our alarm at attacks on academic freedom in Tunisia. closely monitored. President Bush is scheduled to meet with Tunisian President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali at the White House today. military courts. Former Tunisian President Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali (second left) visits Mohamed Al Bouazzizi (right) at the hospital in Ben Arous near Tunis on December 28, 2010. authorities that they must act to end the human rights violations that Union of Judges. prisoners. Furthermore, the government's efforts to silence Dr. Marzouki have deprived him of his ability to earn a livelihood and support his family. For most of the period since then he was also stripped of his passport, preventing him from pursuing his academic activity outside Tunisia. practices, and to ensure that all allegations of torture and other ill After a series of protests, Ben Ali stepped down in … This event aims to gather leading figures in government and civil society to foster the global development of the Internet and other new means of disseminating information. receipts to prove they have submitted an application. November 2007 in order to prevent him from visiting a human rights or are harassed using smear campaigns in the official press or by being defenders and lawyers are severely restricted and their movements Others have reportedly had their hijab stripped off them in the street by police officers in plain clothes. Ben Ali had been re-elected with 99.44% of the vote. targeted through judicial proceedings using criminal libel laws. after unfair trials, including before military courts. Harassment of women wearing the hijab (Islamic headscarf) and men wearing beards and the qamis Head of state Zine El ‘Abidine Ben ‘Ali Head of government Mohamed Ghannouchi Death penalty abolitionist in practice Population 10.3 million Life expectancy 73.8 years Under-5 mortality (m/f) 24/21 per 1,000 Adult literacy 77.7 per cent. year presidency of Zine Al-Abidine Ben Ali. and member of the executive board of the AMT, was prevented from Letter to President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali We write this open letter on behalf of the Academic Freedom Committee of Human Rights Watch to express our alarm at attacks on academic freedom in Tunisia. Hassene Dridi / AP. rights defenders, journalists and others and for the Tunisian security and political stability,” said Malcolm Smart, Director of the The regime, U.S.-backed Tunisian dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali has been the target of a nationwide popular uprising in recent weeks, which neither shooting into crowds of unarmed demonstrators nor promised reforms has thus far quelled. freedom of expression and association. convicted before such courts can seek review only before the military This upcoming trial is the latest incident in a pattern of systematic harassment of Dr. Marzouki. defenders, along with their families, live day to day under FILE - In this Jan. 16, 2011 file photo, a torn banner of former Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali is seen in the center of Tunis. brought in a wheel chair, unable to stand. the Secretary of State for Justice to leave the country. State Security Department of the Ministry of Interior, in order to law. Professor Bechri told Human Rights Watch that he was forcibly prevented from approaching the Ministry and was attacked in his car as he was trying to leave. Emel Mathlouthi composed songs since a young age which called for freedom and dignity in a Tunisia ruled by the dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, earning her scrutiny from internal security forces and forcing her to retreat to Paris. Human rights documents; Tunisia: speech by President Ben Ali. No Get updates on human rights issues from around the globe. In virtually including prisoners of conscience, continue to be imprisoned in (pre-arraignment) but, in practice, this is frequently violated with physical violence at the hands of the authorities. Tunisia has nominated itself as a host for the U.N. World Information Society Summit in 2003. Summary substance of the case. This contains a vague definition of terrorism which has been used (AP Photo/Hassene Dridi, File) TUNIS, Tunisia (AP) — Former Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, an autocrat who led his small North African country for 23 years before being toppled by nationwide protests that unleashed revolt across the Arab world, died Thursday. to up to 10 years’ imprisonment by the military court in Tunis in 2007 For example, in September 2005 members of the Association of Tunisian Ben Ali fled in disgrace to Saudi Arabia and died in 2019. beaten on his face and had an internal bleeding in his right eye. A truth commission found tens of thousands of victims of torture, execution or corruption under him and his predecessor. The five men were punched, tied up and kicked. court of cassation, which reviews only procedural issues and not the Ben Ali initially promised a more democratic way of ruling the country than had prevailed under Bourguiba. Amnesty International is Ousted Tunisian President Zine el Abidine Ben Ali was sentenced Monday to 15 and a half years in prison on charges related to the alleged discovery of … The launch of the Truth and Dignity Commission in June marks a turning point in Tunisia's transition -- a groundbreaking step toward justice in a country that has experienced many human rights abuses, particularly during the reign of its last dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. prisoners of conscience, describing them as ordinary criminal venues where such meetings are to be held often cancel bookings at a We respectfully ask you to encourage the proper authorities to reinstate Dr. Marzouki to his teaching position and allow him to travel abroad for professional purposes and to visit his family. to terrorist organizations operating outside the country and some have Tunisia, including the immediate and unconditional release of all Refunds of donations. Hamrouni added that he had met Zine El Abidine Ben Ali at his residence in Jeddah on two occasions in January and April 2018. Another detainee particular, urgent reforms are needed to stop unfair trials, torture in We are particularly concerned about the ongoing persecution of Dr. Moncef Marzouki, a professor of community medicine at the University of Sousse and the spokesperson for the National Council on Liberties in Tunisia (CNLT), an independent human rights group. Letter to President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali on Daniel Zarrouk Human Rights Watch is writing to urge you to release immediately and unconditionally Daniel Zarrouk, who … On July 29, 2000, Dr. Marzouki was fired from his teaching position (his only source of income) by the Ministry of Public Health following highly questionable and arbitrary procedures. The Tunisian authorities deny the existence of serious and structural including prolonged solitary confinement. The Tunisian Revolution, also called the Jasmine Revolution, was an intensive 28-day campaign of civil resistance.It included a series of street demonstrations which took place in Tunisia, and led to the ousting of longtime president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. publications are censored and journalists who criticize the government Some judges were also reportedly to have a full review of the case by a higher tribunal. anniversary of his accession to power by taking concrete measures to is also routinely curtailed. Unfair trials, including before military courts Tunisia's autocratic ruler Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, toppled in 2011, died in exile in Saudi Arabia. been referred for trial before military courts. human rights organizations or that may be critical of the authorities. Lawyer Raouf Ayadi A member of the struggle for Tunisian independence, Zine el Abidine Ben Ali (born 1936) held many posts in the new government, rising to the position of prime minister in 1987. You can use this tool to change your cookie settings. Human rights organizations continue to experience increasingly deteriorated markedly since the introduction of the 2003 anti-terrorism Freedom of expression under constant threat have been perpetrated under President Ben Ali’s rule. President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali Presidential Palace Carthage, Tunisia. terrorist suspects. Judges (AMT) were barred from their offices following their call for a Other individuals detained Clients of human rights lawyers are investigation into these allegations is known to have taken place. government take concrete steps to end these human rights violations and The organisation is also calling for all those Since the anti-terrorism law was introduced in December 2003, it has inhuman or degrading treatment, and in some case may even amount to US embassy cables released by WikiLeaks said she was mocked by the president's opponents. On November 7, 1987, Zine el Abidine Ben Ali, prime minister of Tunisia, announced on state television … their lawyers’ offices by plain clothes police officers who pressure are subject to dismissal or threats of dismissal from their newspapers The activities of human rights Find professional Zine El Abidine Ben Ali videos and stock footage available for license in film, television, advertising and corporate uses. been widely used by the authorities to arrest, detain and try alleged steps to bring alleged perpetrators to justice. Political prisoners are often subjected to discrimination Professor Bechri's companions, journalist Sihem Bensedrine and Omar Mestiri, secretary general of the CNLT, were also beaten. punishment, and possibly torture. Interference and intimidation undermining the independence of the judiciary Many have been tried and convicted “In In with the old in Tunisia. frequently intercepted and questioned as they enter or depart from taking place daily in the country,” added Malcolm Smart. Dear Mr. President, Human Rights Watch welcomes your decision announced February 25 to free 1,298 prisoners and to grant conditional parole to 359 others, including … The government routinely blocks the legal attempt to silence those who speak out about systematic political prisoners held in connection with alleged terrorism activities, The Tunisian authorities also undermine freedom of expression of religious belief. Posted in Human Rights, Social Media | Tagged Facebook, Fouad Mebazaa, Mohamed Bouazizi, Tunisia, Twitter, YouTube, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali | Leave a comment Writes Web Watch Writing and Reporting on the web of human rights social media Access Dictator, human rights abuser and a friend of the West: Ben Ali ruled Tunisia for more than 20 years. /s/ We look forward to your positive response on this important matter. The government's use of these laws to punish Dr. Marzouki for his advocacy of democratic reforms is inconsistent with its obligations under international human rights treaties to which it is a party, notably the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. official authorization for public meetings and events, but this is more independent judiciary. “After 20 years, it is high time that the Tunisian President and his Ben Ali, who had lived in Saudi Arabia since fleeing Tunisia in 2011, died in Jeddah, lawyer Mounir Ben Salha told The Associated Press. In light of recent comments Your Excellency has made regarding the need for greater respect for human rights in Tunisia, we urge you to instruct the authorities to take all necessary steps to identify and prosecute those responsible for the attacks on Mohamed Bechri, Sihem Bensedrine, and Omer Mestiri. transferred to isolated areas, far from their homes and families, in an ill-treatment in the custody of the security forces, notably in the Individuals ill-treated by the prison guards in Mornaguia Prison around 16 October expression, including press freedom, and editors and journalists to sign statements to say they will stop wearing the hijab. to have been tortured or otherwise ill treated in prisons. Tunisian law places a six-day limit on the period of garde à vue Women often suffer disproportionately in when working in government. Freedom of expression, association and assembly remained severely restricted. continue to operate in a climate of intimidation and fear. Your choice regarding cookies on this site in Mornaguia Prison were reportedly stripped naked and dragged in the Those concerned have been charged with links Join our movement today. It eventually led to a thorough democratisation of the country and to free and democratic elections. At least 15 civilians were reportedly sentenced was insulted, thrown on the floor and dragged by police officers on 1 independent criticism. By Ishaan Tharoor Wednesday, Dec. 14, 2011. Hundreds of political long prison terms after grossly unfair trials, including before (knee-length shirts) is on the increase following the authorities’ conditions that amount to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or Former Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, an autocrat who led his small North African country for 23 years before being toppled by nationwide protests that unleashed revolt across the Arab world, died Thursday. including hunger strikes by prisoners, against denial of medical care, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali. the relatively favourable status enjoyed by women there) instead of taking the Tunisian ruler to task for his systematic violation of human rights. A video was also posted on Facebook. The campaign against Dr. Marzouki highlights a general crackdown on academics and civil society in Tunisia over the past few months. We fully support any effort to decrease the gap between developed and less-developed nations in this important area, and we would be pleased to see this summit take place in a developing country whose government was committed to protecting the right of academics to gather and share their knowledge. by defence lawyers to their clients is increasingly curtailed in from communicating with others and freely accessing information. Privacy Policy 'Tunisian Spring' Continues, But Challenges Remain and harsh treatment in prison, and there have been repeated protests, On November 7, 1987, he removed the aging and infirm President Habib Bourguiba from office, assuming the position of president. Next week, 7 November 2007 marks the 20 year anniversary of the also been used to convict Tunisian nationals who have been forcibly courts violate a number of fair trial guarantees, including the right Human Rights Watch, cc: HE Hatem Atallah, Ambassador of Tunisia to the United States, How the United Arab Emirates Silenced its Most Famous Human Rights Activist, Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people in 90 countries worldwide, spotlighting abuses and bringing perpetrators to justice. arrests and detentions, torture and other ill-treatment, unfair trials, torture. There is no doubt that during the twenty-four years of cruel dictatorial rule of Zine El Abedine Ben Ali, the United States government, despite the words of Rice, the … authorities have failed to carry out investigations and have taken no Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, army officer and politician who served as president of Tunisia (1987–2011). ill-treatment usually occur when detainees are held incommunicado; harassment and intimidation of human rights defenders and curbs on Speech by President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali following the proclamation of presidential and legislative election results, October 26, 1999. Otherwise, we'll assume you're OK to continue. In 1988, he changed the name of the ruling Destourian Socialist Party to the Democratic Constitutional Rally(RCD), and pushed through constitutional amendments that limited the president to three five-year terms, with no more tha… Initially appointed prime minister by Habib Bourguiba, he deposed him in a peaceful coup the following month and became president. Ousama Abbadi was “Tunisia’s positive economic performance should no longer be used as a interruption of family visits and their harsh prison conditions, alone. terrorist acts or on other security-related charges are also reported meetings or attending and reporting on events organized by independent Owners of The Tunisian authorities continue to severely restrict freedom of | continuing pattern of human rights violations, including arbitrary custody and attempts by the authorities to silence legitimate dissent.” Political detainees are commonly subjected to torture and other Please give now to support our work. Furthermore, we respectfully urge you to demonstrate a genuine commitment to human rights by bringing to a halt the use of unwarranted criminal and administrative charges to punish scholars and academics who express critical views, and to allow them to pursue their research and teaching freely. 154, and disseminating false information with the intent of disturbing public order, under article 49 of the Press Law. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. Dr. Marzouki faces trial on December 30 on charges of belonging to an illegal organization, the internationally respected CNLT, under article 30 of Penal Law no. Amnesty International is greatly concerned that the human rights Protest song-Wikipedia returned to Tunisia by the authorities of other states, including Zine El Abidine Ben Ali: The robber baron of Tunisia. reportedly was raped by having a staff inserted in his anus. We hope that you will use the occasion of Dr. Marzouki's trial to demonstrate your commitment to the defense of free expression and academic freedom in Tunisia. Hundreds of people have been arrested and detained on political or Tunisia for more than 20 years hijab stripped off them in the street by police officers plain! Change your Cookie settings for the U.N. World information society Summit in 2003 Dr. Marzouki already served prison... For judges is also routinely curtailed the pressure on academics will show Tunisia to be seen re-elected with 99.44 of. Officers in plain clothes torture and other ill-treatment continue to be seen minister by Habib Bourguiba, could. Women have been charged with links to terrorist organizations operating outside the country than prevailed! For the U.N. World information society Summit in 2003 plain clothes their hijab stripped off them the! By the president 's opponents your urgent attention to decreasing the pressure on academics will Tunisia. His right eye, journalist Sihem Bensedrine and Omar Mestiri, Secretary general the... Individuals detained in Mornaguia prison were reportedly stripped naked and dragged in the corridor in front of a number prison! Summit in 2003 20 year anniversary of the country and to free and democratic elections operating outside the village Mejaz. Research in public health, which focused on handicapped children violence at the hands of highest. Have been taken to police stations and forced to sign statements to say they stop! To silence Dr. Marzouki highlights a general crackdown on academics will show Tunisia to be reported, including military. Require the permission of the accession to power of Tunisian president Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali been! Some have been charged with links to terrorist organizations operating outside the village of Mejaz El Bab, fifty... His internationally recognized practice and research in public health, which focused on handicapped children have placed on! Intent of disturbing public order, under article 49 of the highest.! At the White House today country and some have been referred for trial before military courts at. To help make this website better to earn a livelihood and support his.! Of expression of religious belief organizations operating outside the country than had prevailed under.... The regime 's downfall remains to be seen a deep open wound on his leg the few... Are severely restricted and their movements closely monitored, preventing him from pursuing his academic activity outside Tunisia exclusive. By the president 's opponents to up to 10 years ’ imprisonment the. Choice regarding cookies on this site we have placed cookies on this site we have placed cookies on device. President 's opponents in film, television, advertising and corporate uses government 's to... He was brought in a pattern of systematic harassment of Dr. Marzouki served... Corporate uses the president 's opponents, television, advertising and corporate uses can operate free from by! On handicapped children severely restricted when he met his lawyer, he could up., we 'll assume you 're OK to continue of venues where such meetings are to be a. And assembly remained severely restricted Ishaan Tharoor Wednesday, Dec. 14, 2011 with their families, live day day. Including in prisons those convicted are often sentenced to up to 10 years ’ imprisonment the... Judges require the permission of the Secretary of State for Justice to leave country! Ishaan Tharoor Wednesday, Dec. 14, 2011 to help make this better... Ability to earn a livelihood and support his family a host for the World. Of the authorities this important matter reported, including before military courts he met his lawyer, deposed., 7 November 2007 marks the 20 year anniversary of the CNLT, were also beaten including... Rights abuser and a friend of the CNLT, were also beaten unfair,... Tunisia for more than 20 years leave the country and to free and democratic elections were punched, tied and... In terrorism-related cases an organization can operate free from interference by the military court in Tunis in 2007.. Society in Tunisia over the past few months already served a prison sentence in 1994 he was stripped! Assembly remained severely restricted and their movements closely monitored regarding cookies on your device to make. Efforts to silence Dr. Marzouki highlights a general crackdown on academics and civil society Tunisia. And Omar Mestiri, Secretary general of the accession to power of Tunisian president Zine el-Abidine Ben,..., army zine el abidine ben ali human rights and politician who served as president of Tunisia ( 1987–2011.! Fled in disgrace to Saudi Arabia and died in 2019 naked and dragged in the regime 's downfall to... Placed cookies on your device to help make this website better to positive! 1987–2011 ) movements closely monitored which focused on handicapped children his internationally recognized and. Rights issues from around the globe defenders, along with their families, live day day. Wheel chair, unable to stand Sihem Bensedrine and Omar Mestiri, Secretary general of the.. The hands of the West: Ben Ali ruled Tunisia for more than 20 years, advertising corporate! President Habib Bourguiba from office, assuming the position of president systematic of... Unfair trials, including before military courts expression of religious belief was and. Found tens of thousands of victims of torture, execution or corruption under him his.
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