The most common Sufi ritual is the Dhikr, the practice of repeating the names of God after prayers. Several newspapers and thousands of books, documents and manuscripts were published in Persian for 600 years. Zainul Abedin was the pioneer of modern Bangladeshi art. Muslims came to Bengal with two languages, Arabic as the language of religion and Persian as the language of culture. Great Mughal subahdars like mir jumla and shaista khan were Shias. 63, 1894, pp. This position continued up to the battle of palashi, 1757. The Caliphate of Baghdad came to an end long before the establishment of Mughal rule in India (or in Bengal). But it took about five hundred years for Muslim political power to reach Bengal. Addeddate. It is not unnatural that some popular elements had crept into the general belief of the Muslims. Islamic Studies. During this whole period, the Bengal rulers took the title of sultan, thus proclaiming the character of the Kingdom as a Sultanate. Then came the Mughals and a fresh wave of Muslim migration to Bengal started. [66] Another Bengali Muslim German-American, Jawed Karim, was the co-founder of YouTube. The highly acclaimed poetry of Kazi Nazrul Islam espoused spiritual rebellion against fascism and oppression. Complete 6 volume set for Sahih Al-Bukhari Bengali translation covering 7563 ahadith. Surnames in Bengali Muslim society reflect the region's cosmopolitan history. Bhasa O Sahitya (Language and Literature, essays, 1931) Babgala Byakaran (Bangla Grammar, 1936) Diwan-i-Hafiz (Poems of Hafiz, translation, 1938) Shikwah O Jawab-i-Shikwah (Questions and Their Answers, translation from Iqbal, 1942) Rubaiyat-i-Omar Khaiyam (Quatrains of Omar Khayyam, translation, 1942) Essays on Islam (1945) [37] Generally modern prevailing hypotheses about the early stages of Islamification of East Bengal focus on Sufi missionaries capitalizing on disaffected Buddhists and low-caste Hindus following the initial conquest of the area by the Brahmin-dominated Sena Empire followed a few decades later by the arrival of Bakhtiyar Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 1200s and the later agrarian reforms of the Mughal Empire in the 1500s. ", Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics, "Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar", "The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760", "The 1,000-year-old manuscript and the stories it tells", "Monumental Absence: The Destruction of Ancient Buddhist Sites – The Caravan", "Agrarian Relations in Bengal: Ancient to British Period", https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856400802192952?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=csas20, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232823424_Hindu-Muslim_separateness_in_Bengal_A_review_of_some_historical_issues_from_a_contemporary_Bangladesh_Muslim_standpoint, "Colonialism, politics of language and partition of Bengal PART XV", "Do we know anything about Lahore Resolution? [83] Sufism is regarded as the individual internalisation and intensification of the Islamic faith and practice. When the Muslim Kingdom was established in Lakhnauti, it was, theoretically at least, a part of the Abbasid Caliphate. Their supporters also came from far-off places. But for the Turkish conquerors the situation was different. Besides, as an impact of Muslim rule, many Arabic and Persian words became assimilated into the Bengali language. The invocation tradition saw Bengali Muslim poets re-adapting Indian epics by replacing invocations of Hindu gods and goddesses with figures of Islam. They were built either by the rulers or by the Sufis themselves, but they received state patronage. It once formed a single Indo-Aryan branch with Assamese and Oriya, before the languages became distinct. [74][75][76][77][78] The Rohingya community in western Myanmar have significant Bengali Muslim heritage. They also had their mother tongue, Turkish or Poshtu as the case may be. The rise of pro-democracy and pro-independence movements in East Pakistan, with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the principal leader, led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In present-day Bangladesh the Mughal-influenced foods are immensely popular such as Shuti Kabab, Kalo Bhuna, Korma, Rôst, Mughlai Porota, Jali Kabab, Shami Kabab, Akhni, Tehari, Tanduri Chicken, Kofta, Phirni and Shingara. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, then a university student, was among those who … The Ulama and Mashayikh, therefore, enjoyed economic security so that they could engage themselves in the pursuit of knowledge and meditation. Lack of primary sources from that era have resulted in various hypotheses. Al Mahmud was considered as one of the greatest Bengali poets to have emerged in the 20th century. The Muslim conquest of Bengal in c. A.D. 1200 introduced many Persian, Arabic and Turkish words; the Persian influence was the greatest. In their social life also the Muslims were influenced by some Hindu practices. In their attempt to face these challenges, the Brahamins further tightened their caste rules. [62][63], Modern science was begun in Bengal under British colonial rule. Mosques form an important feature of Muslim society and culture, because they afford opportunity to offer prayers, one of the fundamental pillars of the Islamic faith. [20][21][22] Two Bengal viceroys – Muhammad Azam Shah and Azim-us-Shan – assumed the imperial throne. The rulers therefore built mosques in full realisation of their performance of a religious duty. Above all, the Brahmans held out no hopes of a future world to this most virtuous helot, while the Mullah not only pronounced assurances of felicity in this world but of an indefeasible inheritance in the next. By 1000 A.D. judging from the specimens of Bengali, Assamese and Oriya, these languages had become fully established although the relationship between Bengali (B) and Oriya was a little closer than between these two and Oriya. [79], A large Bengali Muslim diaspora is found in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, which are home to several million expatriate workers from South Asia. Under the Mughal Empire, considerable autonomy was enjoyed in the Bengali literary sphere. Eaton's books include India's Islamic Traditions 711-1750: Themes in Indian History, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier (1204-1760) and Sufis of Bijapur (1300-1700): Social Rules of Sufis in Medieval India.The following interview was conducted via email. The word Shaikh literally means old, but technically it means doctor in Muslim Law and Theology. They were successful in galvanising the Bengali peasantry against colonial authorities. It was founded by the orthodox Sunni Tablighi Jamaat movement in 1954. In fact, there is no difference between Satya Pir and Satya Narayana. He later ruled most of Bengal as a converted Muslim. Economically backward people also belonged to the Atraf class. This is a milestone in the regional history of Bengal. So, although initially Sunni Muslims predominated in Bengal society, during the closing years of Muslim rule they gradually yielded place to Shias. Different types of Bengali biryani include the Kachi (mutton), Illish pulao (hilsa), Tehari (beef), and Murg Pulao (chicken). [34] It adopted Bengali as one of its official languages, alongside Persian, the diplomatic language of the Islamic world, and Arabic, the liturgical language of the religion. Jasimuddin became noted for poems and songs reflecting life in rural Bengal. It was not possible for the Brahmins to keep themselves aloof for long. Chittagong being an important seaport, the Arab, Persian and many other foreign traders went there for commerce and trade. This was a period of overall development of the country both politically and culturally. The first Bengali Muslim novelist was Mir Mosharraf Hossain in the 19th century. Members of the clergy include Mawlānās, Imams, Ulamas, and Muftis. The creation of canals and reservoirs was a common practice for the sultanate. Sal Khan is a co-founder of Khan Academy. The All Pakistan Awami Muslim League was formed in Dhaka in 1949. Akhtaruzzaman Elias was noted for his works set in Old Dhaka. By contrast, in Bengali Islam, recruitment to the clergy is voluntary; any man who has the desire and opportunity to study the Quran (for which he must learn to read the classical Arabic language) can eventually become the worship leader (mullah or imam) of … The names vary in the lists, though one or two names of local Pirs are found common in all. Muslims came to Bengal with two languages, Arabic as the language of religion and Persian as the language of culture. Secular festivals are based on the Bengali calendar which was redesigned by the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Nazrul also wrote Bengali ghazals. [24][25][26] Today, most Bengali Muslims live in the modern state of Bangladesh, the world's fourth largest Muslim-majority country, along with the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam. Islam arrived in the first millennium and influenced the native Bengali culture. Haji Shariatullah led the Faraizi movement, advocating Islamic revivalism. These indigenous people were diametrically opposed to the incomers in every aspect of religious, social and cultural life; they were opposed not only in their fundamental beliefs but also in their day to day life from birth to death. Centuries of contact between the Hindus and the Muslims had profoundly influenced both, so that the social and religious life of the Muslims profoundly influenced Hinduism, and in the same manner some practices of the Hindus entered into the life of the Muslims. Shaikh or Makhdum, by whatever name the Sufis were called, were people who were spiritually developed and who adhered to the spirit of Islam. It was published by Islamic Foundation Bangladesh. "[58] In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution. Many scholarly persons from Upper India and outside made their homes and settled in this rich province. A voyage from Bandar Abbas or Basra to hughli was much easier and cheaper than the overland journey across upper India, either through the Afghan passes or via the port of Surat. Nine out of thirty-seven districts in Assam have a Muslim majority. After the Muslim conquest, the position changed; Persian became the court language and Sanskrit receded to the background. For the first time, Muslims, many new to the city of Calcutta, and not riding the crest of landed or otherwise wealthy origins, began to write and organize in Calcutta’s public sphere on behalf of Bengali culture. Khanqahs of some of the very famous saints like Shaikh jalaluddin tabrizi, shah jalal, Shaikh nur qutb alam survives even today. The Bengali Language Movement in 1952 received strong support from Islamic groups, including the Tamaddun Majlish. There is hardly any evidence of forcible conversion in the context of India or Bengal. 2012 81 – 102 17. Ever since the establishment of the first Muslim kingdom in Bengal there was a continuous flow of Muslims into Bengal. [92] Other notable romantic works included Layla Madjunn by Bahram Khan and Hanifa Kayrapari by Sabirid Khan. In some dargahs people bind coloured threads to the branches of nearby trees and/or stones or walls are washed with lime. New methods of irrigation were pioneered by the Sufis. The Muslims also venerate stone representations of the footprint of the Prophet (Sm). [33], The Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent took place between the 12th and 16th centuries. However in the eastern part of Bengal, Muslims were thick on the ground. The names of Barbak Shah, husain shah, nusrat shah and the Muslim officers, paragal khan, Chute Khan may be mentioned in this connection. Islam and Muslim consciousness in Bangladesh and their confrontation with the secularists and the Bang alee nationalists and try to give an analysis on the nationalism trends of Bangladesh. The leading iconic practitioner of Baul tradition was Fakir Lalon Shah. Pirism was hardly hereditary, because Pirs had to attain spiritual development. It was not only Islam but several other forces, such as the Manasa, Chandi and Dharma cults, that were opposed to the Brahmancial system and were more amenable to the proselytizing influence of Islam. [15][16], Bengal was a leading power of the medieval Islamic East. So the Muslim rulers of Bengal, from the beginning till the end, built up institutions to disseminate Islamic learning and culture among those who professed the Islamic faith. They were renowned for their simplicity of life, strength of character, devotion to faith and peaceful pursuits; they influenced the people and society very deeply. The debate draws on the writings of some late nineteenth-century authors, but in its current form was initially formulated in 1963 by M.A. A notable feature of Bengali Muslim music is the syncretic Baul tradition. The Muslims of Bengal also shared this view and some early Muslim sultans of Bengal actually imprinted the names of Abbasid caliphs on their coins. They encouraged the cultivation of local language and literature; patronised Hindu poets and thus some very important books were written in the Sultanate period. The Muslims came in contact with the local people in various ways. They all came in search of employment and /or better livelihood. It once formed a single Indo-Aryan branch with Assamese and Oriya, before the languages became distinct. FussilatBD.com. In the early days, the Pirs were the people who adhered most strictly to the ideals and principles of a spiritual life. [38], Centuries prior to the advent of Islam into the region, Bengal was a major center of Buddhism on the Indian Subcontinent. [64] For the general population, opportunities for formal science education remained limited. [38], A few centuries later the agrarian reforms of the Mughal Empire accelerated conversion and population growth across Bangladesh by creating a system of farming villages centered around Sufi missions. One of the earliest mosques in South Asia is under excavation in northern Bangladesh, indicating the presence of Muslims in the area around the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. Within Bengali cuisine, Muslim dishes include the serving of meat curries, pulao rice, various biryani preparations, and dry and dairy-based desserts alongside traditional fish and vegetables. Islam In One Site - bengali language. The influence of the Arabs in some parts of Bengal, particularly in the coastal region of Chittagong is remembered through traditions. The general Bengali Muslim clergy remains deeply orthodox and conservative. Shaista Khan came to Bengal with half a dozen grown up children, who were all trained soldiers and efficient administrators. This affected their caste purity. In the early 19th century, Titumir led a peasant uprising against colonial rule. Association with the Muslims was called Yavana-dosa (dosa meaning offence). Despite calls from liberal Bengali Muslim League leaders for an independent United Bengal, the British moved forward with the Partition of Bengal and India in 1947. They led an austere and puritan life. The first Bengali Muslim settlers in the United States were ship jumpers who settled in Harlem, New York and Baltimore, Maryland in the 1920s and 1930s.[80]. [18] During Emperor Aurangazeb's rule, the Bengal Subah, as the richest region of the Mughal Empire, was described as the Paradise of Nations[19] and its citizens, chiefly Muslims[citation needed] , had the highest standard of living and real wages in the world. [17] Islam's emergence in the region was intimately tied with agriculture. The Shia nawabs and high officials spent huge amount of money in observing it. This probably led to the conversion of local people to Islam. [92], Bengal was also a major center of Persian literature. In 1338 Bengal witnessed the beginning of an independent Sultanate under fakhruddin mubarak shah. Whereas the Hindus wrote chiefly on religious themes centring round gods and goddesses, the Muslims introduced love-stories of men and women. It is unnecessary to speculate what percentage of Muslims adhered to the fundamental principles of Islam ie Salat (prayers), Saum (fastings), Zakat (poor rates) and Hajj (pilgrimage to the holy cities), because it was incumbent for Muslims to follow them. The Muslims brought with them their food habits, culinary art and dress, but they had to adjust these to the local climate. So the most important influence of Islam in Bengal is to be found in the diminishing superiority of the Brahmins, the social revolution among the Brahmins themselves, prominence of local cults like those of Manasa, Chandi and Natha, and finally the rise of Gaudiya Vaisnavism as a means of saving Hinduism, chiefly with its casteless appeal. Though Panch-Pir dargahs are found in several places, no accepted list of five Pirs is available. Almost all these poets received patronage from the Muslim rulers. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities. At the time of the Muslim conquest, Bengal was predominantly a Hindu-Buddhist country. According to an interpretation of a Sanskrit sloka by D. C. Bhattacharya, Jalaluddin appointed Rajyadhar, a Hindu, as the commander of his army. Ilm-i-deen or religious knowledge and ilm-i- shara or knowledge of shariah may mean many things. The last mentioned cause seems to have played a greater part in the matter of conversion in Bengal. The shudras had no access to the religious texts. They were the exponents of the Law, having sufficient knowledge and expertise to arbitrate disputes. There are also minorities of Shias and Ahmadiyas, as well as people who identify as non-denominational (or "just a Muslim"). Todar Mal’s elaborate land revenue system, called zabti, was never applied in Bengal but ambitious local Muslims and Hindus, of both of whom the mother tongue was Bengali, were now forced to learn Persian to get a share in the extended secretarial work of the Mughal provincial administration. 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