• Sweet Gas: does not contain significant quantities of hydrogen sulphide. İ_ìºyÛÓ]ŞQ±�õ�sseJĞZ«A)��w»Á|顳‚¢/}ş,À•„. endstream endobj 7 0 obj <> endobj 8 0 obj <> endobj 9 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 10 0 obj <> endobj 11 0 obj <> endobj 12 0 obj <> endobj 13 0 obj <>stream Natural gas, or any other gas mixture, containing significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide or similar acidic gases, is called acid gas . • Lean/Dry Gas: Raw natural gas with a low concentration of heavier hydrocarbons. Figure 6. Figure 7. Rupture sections of 8-5/8 inch gas pipeline that failed due to external mechanical damage. 0000001117 00000 n 6000 feet deep. Natural gas produced from the well contains hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water together with many other impurities. Table 5: States with regulations addressing underground natural gas storage based on storage type. *Bcf = billion cubic feet Offshore Operations 34 Bcf Well Venting and Flaring 9 Bcf Compressor Fugitives, Venting, and Engine Exhaust 14 Bcf Pneumatic Devices 57 Bcf* Meters and Pipeline Leaks 9 Bcf Other Sources 10 Bcf Storage Tank Venting 6 Bcf Dehydrators and Pumps 17 Bcf. 0000000863 00000 n Natural gas (also called fossil gas; sometimes just gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. The theme of natural gas (NG) dehydration is closely linked with storage of natural gas. 6.1 Coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and basic oxygen furnace gas.....38 6.2 Town gas .....38 Natural gas was the largest source of primary energy production, accounting for 32.0% of primary energy produced. 0000002188 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n Natural gas wells average . endstream endobj startxref Gas jets along a burner ignite to create the hot combustion gas that raises the temperature of air, which fans then circulate through the ducts. xref Figure 3. %%EOF Inside surface at the failure origin of a 20-inch pipeline. %PDF-1.6 %���� Different Forms of Natural Gas Pipe Natural Gas Natural Gas for Vehicles Liquefied Natural Gas Carmen Olivares 11. Note: this is not an exhaustive list. [1] Page 10 of 68 Table 4. At present, the gas pipeline infrastructure is more developed between Canada and the United States than between Mexico and the United States. 0000007659 00000 n Oil (petroleum) is a liquid fossil fuel and consists of a variety of hydrocarbons while n atural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel that consists of mostly methane and other small hydrocarbons. – PVC (polyvinyl chloride) – PE (polyethylene) – PP (polypropylene) ro fd•Ues – Water, – Waste water – Natural gas – Other fluids that do not dissolve or chemically interact with plastics A 3-1/2 inch long gouge found near the midpoint of the rupture shown in Figure 2. 0 has grown rapidly over the last decade. 0000000696 00000 n Abstract. 0000004478 00000 n These steps are partly neces-sary to be able to transport the gas over long distances and partly necessary for the recovery of valuable components contained in the gas. xÚb``d``fe ^TÀÄ,P¡˜�Á—�K’ñ¢§tL6׬‡4_ŸÕ•´a"L!#ƒ²Ô+ Úax"Îğ Some wellhead natural gas is sufficiently dry and satisfies pipeline transportation standards without processing. Natural gas is valuable both as a clean source of energy and as a chemical feedstock. 0000003708 00000 n Natural Gas STAR reductions data shown as published in the inventory. Natural Gas Transmission and Gathering Lines 1970 through 1978,” NG-18 Report No. 1980.) natural gas pipeline network, with almost 95% of U.S. natural gas imports coming from Canada. Chemicals called odorants are added to natural gas so that leaks in natural gas pipelines can be detected. It consumes useful natural resources and produces harmful wastes, which have negative... | … This subset of 19 states were chosen for analysis because 90% of all natural gas storage wells are located in these states. Fiscal Regimes, Petroleum Contracts, and Natural Gas. • Petroleum – Tax & Royalty and PSC systems most common • Mining - Tax & Royalty; PSC uncommon • Mechanics different, but economics can be equivalent • Most countries have an “hybrid” system. 0000006871 00000 n on natural gas flaring and venting regulations, the level and types of restrictions and permissions, and potential options available to economically capture and utilize natural gas, if the economics warrant. 2683 0 obj <> endobj %PDF-1.4 %âãÏÓ Natural gas - gas extracted from the earth When plant and animal matter decomposes under the Earth's surface in high heat and pressure, it eventually becomes what we call natural gas. 121, Sept. trailer • ESD-protected machinery spaces are non-hazardous under normal conditions, but may become hazardous. 0000001742 00000 n Natural gas properties and flow computation 501 Natural gas properties and flow computation Ivan Marić and Ivan Ivek X Natural gas properties and flow computation Ivan Marić and Ivan Ivek Ruđer Bošković Institute Croatia 1. For gas types: Natural Gas E, LL and Liquid Petroleum Gas B/P 83048902 – 1/2002. 0000005331 00000 n Figure 2. It … growth in natural gas consumption from 2012 to 2040 in the OECD Americas region, with 1.6 Tcf of the increase occurring in Mexico and Chile and 1.3 Tcf in Canada. U•�à�&ÉÁà*…zØ%pÆİĞãÏ.‚¸şI‰™$ê”Óğer(’R•%©$I%íà Natural gas is called sweet gas when relatively free of hydrogen sulfide; gas that does contain hydrogen sulfide is called sour gas. Engine room types • Gas safe machinery spaces are safe under all conditions. Firstly, it can reduce dependency on NG supply. %%EOF RNG can be used vehicle fuel, to as generate electricity, in thermal applications, or as a bio-product feedstock. Burning natural gas produces less sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen than burning other fossil fuels. In this document, the term RNG does not encompass synthesis gas ( syngas) … Natural gas production by type in China, Mono-ethanolamine (MEA) is a widely used type of amine for CO2 capture. PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair 18 Plastic Pipes • Three types of plastic pipes commonly used. startxref Natural gas is a mixture of gases methane ethane propane butane. h�bbd```b`` ��O@$��d��{@$���&��4��5 �% ���7��āٻ��1`r�f)� The varieties of gas compositions can be broadly categorized into three distinct groups: With this in mind, national strategic reserves are created. 1) crude oil wells 2) gas wells 3) condensate wells. coalbed methane, tight gas, shale gas, and hydrate production, formation evaluation; exploration methods, multiphase flow and flow assurance issues, novel processing (e.g., subsea) techniques, raw gas transmission methods, gas processing/LNG technologies, sales gas transmission and storage. PDF | Gas flaring is one of the major problems in the world. À 2 0000000940 00000 n Types of Fiscal Regime. Natural Gas is a cleaner fuel. Natural gas receives the name of sweet natural gas if hydrogen sulphide is not detectable and sour natural gas if hydrogen sulphide is detectable. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is produced by cooling natural gas to −260°F (−160°C). Crude oil or liquid petroleum, is a fossil fuel that is refined into many different energy products e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, heating oil OIL. All fuel piping within machinery space boundaries shall be double walled. Both oil and natural gas are fossil fuels found underground that formed from marine microorganisms. CO2 recovery rates of 98% and product purity in excess of 99% can be achieved. There are two basic reasons why NG storage is important. Oil and natural gas production is projected to steadily increase over the next two decades. Based on analysis by Ground Water Protection Council (2016); The Revisor of Statutes, State of Minnesota (2015). Liquefied Natural Gas or LNG is used to power vehicles such as off-road trucks and trains. Chemical Composition of Natural Gas H2S N2CO2 O2 H2 Other Gases Sulfur Compounds Sweet Gas Sour Gas H2S H2S He Ar Carmen Olivares 10. 3 What is the Problem? As a substitute for fossil natural gas, has many RNG potential uses. RNG can be injected into natural gas transmission or distribution pipelines, or it can be used locally (i.e., at or near the site where the gas is created). Raw natural gas comes primarily from any one of three types of gas wells. H‰lSM�Ó0½÷WÌ1‘¶Ş8NóqBB •�àB$ˆƒ›¸m _r`ÿ=óáv»+T5q}Õp^vïëİc]§ ¡>í 0000008846 00000 n 6 0 obj <> endobj 0000006078 00000 n Different Forms of Natural Gas Shale Gas Town Gas Biogas Carmen Olivares 12. The projected growth is primarily led by Taken together, Crude oil accounted for 22.1% of U.S. primary energy production in 2017, and coal accounted for 17.7%. primary energy was produced using fossil fuels. The separated NGL are called natural gas plant liquids (NGPL), and the processed natural gas is called dry, consumer-grade, or pipeline quality natural gas. Secondly, NG storage enables the maximum capacity of distribution lines to be exploited. Natural gas produced from geological formations comes in a wide array of compositions. • Sour Gas: contains significant quantities of hydrogen sulphide. 0000008354 00000 n Before reaching the customer, it has to pass several processing steps. Introduction Precise measurement of fluid flow rate is essential in commercial and in process control applications. 0 Methane is composed of a molecule of one 3¿]ì Underground natural gas baseload storage facilities are a vital part of the world’s natural gas infrastructure. In its liquid In its liquid state and at standard conditions, natural gas occupies 618 times less volume than does the same h�b```b``�e`e``�af@ a��F6�gI6C�C�&]�o���� Asia-Pacific Natural Resource Taxation Conference Jakarta, August 11-13, 2015. 2710 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8BD613D4BDFD47698624487B85FC12C0><7FE6B665DEF44A4C88E8ECF643012C92>]/Index[2683 49]/Info 2682 0 R/Length 124/Prev 893823/Root 2684 0 R/Size 2732/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream What is Natural Gas? 0000002953 00000 n Natural gas is a combustible, gaseous mixture of simple hydrocarbon compounds, usually found in deep underground reservoirs formed by porous rock. 25 0 obj <>stream 3 Different Furnace Types Gas Furnace The most common type of furnace in homes today is the natural gas furnace, which uses gas piped in from the municipal line. 0000001223 00000 n Natural gas is a fossil fuel composed almost entirely of methane, but does contain small amounts of other gases, including ethane, propane, butane and pentane. Specifically, natural gas development is expected to increase by 44% from 2011 through 2040 and crude oil and natural gas liquids are projected to increase by approximately 25% through 2019 (U.S. EIA, 2013). 0000001382 00000 n 6 20 25. 0000008597 00000 n 2731 0 obj <>stream • Rich/Wet Gas: raw natural gas with relatively high concentration of heavier hydrocarbons. ��Hvg �?b#7�m�t%�3��� � ��� It is less harmful to the environment than coal, petrol or diesel as it has less carbon dioxide emissions. 0000009068 00000 n What are the advantages of Natural Gas? Dry natural gas … <]>> A single failure cannot lead to release of fuel gas into the machinery space. 0 10 20 30 40 2012 2040 2012 2040 2012 2040 Shale gas Other natural gas Tight gas Coalbed methane China Canada United States Figure 3-3. These facilities allow Exploration & Production (E&P) and transmission pipeline companies to utilize natural gas assets year round while providing means for consistent gas supply throughout the year. 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