However, one study with JP-8 given undiluted by gavage to rats for 90 days at several doses (0.750, 1500, and 3000 mg/kg) reported an increase in relative testicular weights, without any observable histopathological changes (Mattie et al., 1991).
The first jet propulsion (JP) fuels were based on kerosene or a gasoline–kerosene mixture, and newer jet fuels are still kerosene based. In summary, no well-conducted reproductive and developmental toxicity studies exist to evaluate the human health risk of acute or chronic exposure to kerosene and jet fuels. M.Á. Kerosene is also biodegradable in surface water.
According to FBI crime data from 2010, US law-enforcement agencies reported 56,825 arsons, accounting for approximately 19.6 arsons per 100,000 citizens. - Definition & Examples, Chromatography, Distillation and Filtration: Methods of Separating Mixtures, Comparing Solutions, Suspensions & Colloids: Properties & Examples, Homogeneous Mixture Definition: Lesson for Kids, Heterogeneous Mixture: Definition & Examples, What Is a Chemical Property of Matter? Kerosene, also known as paraffin or paraffin oil, is a clear, flammable liquid distilled from petroleum. Studies on distribution or metabolism of these fuels are lacking. As it is not as flammable as the lower fractions, it is still used around the world for lighting and heating.
Most of the damage caused by arson is inflicted upon residential dwellings and mobile property such as personal automobiles and commercial vehicles. Table 2. It is also remarkable that the name ‘petroleum distillates’ might include other preparations coming from different distillations of crude petroleum; indeed, European regulation for classification of labeling of chemicals considers petroleum distillates as a total of 12 different products, five with CAS number as described above plus another seven preparations corresponding to heavier distillation fractions (higher than C15). Kerosene or paraffin is a fuel used to power jet engines as well as some space rockets. Kerosene is composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons with 10–16 carbons per molecule and benzene and naphthalene derivatives. These chemical signatures can be misinterpreted as accelerants by poorly trained or inexperienced chemists.
The half-life reaction is calculated to be 0.27–2.2 days. Kerosene is expected to have low mobility and some immobility when released to soil.
Petroleum distillates are colorless liquid petrochemical mixtures with kerosene-like odor and a boiling range of 90–240 °C containing hydrocarbons ranging between C7 and C12 divided into three major components. Ingestion is often associated with vomiting which may result in aspiration of the substance into the respiratory tract producing pulmonary damage and edema. It is a mixture of various different chemicals... Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. RP-1 (alternatively, Rocket Propellant-1 or Refined Petroleum-1) is a highly refined form of kerosene outwardly similar to jet fuel, used as rocket fuel.RP-1 has a lower specific impulse than liquid hydrogen (LH 2), but is cheaper, stable at room temperature, far less of an explosion hazard, and far denser.RP-1 is significantly more powerful than LH 2 by volume. 0121MAR019 Marathon Petroleum K-1 Kerosene Revision Date 05/26/2016 Name CAS Number % Concentration Kerosine (petroleum) 8008-20-6 100 Naphthalene 91-20-3 0.3-2.6 All concentrations are percent by weight unless material is a gas. Stoddard solvent is a refined petroleum distillate derived from the naphtha and kerosene carbon ranges (C7–C12) in crude oil. Any lack of thoughtfulness or competency on the part of the chemist can potentially result in an innocent person being charged with arson. John R. Balmes MD, Mark D. Eisner MD, MPH, in Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine (Sixth Edition), 2016, Kerosene heaters can substantially increase indoor levels of fine particles (PM2.5), sulfate aerosol (SO42−), and acidic aerosol (H+), as well as CO.117 Kerosene is similar to diesel fuel in chemical composition. C. Pulce, J. Descotes, in Human Toxicology, 1996. In the presence of aspiration, however, very small quantities may prove fatal, particularly in young children. As it is not as flammable as the lower fractions, it is still used around the world for lighting and heating. Source: Data drawn from ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 187 White Spirit (Stoddard Solvent) , WHO 1996 in the database INCHEM offered by International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS): http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc187.htm, HR Management in the Forensic Science Laboratory, Stoddard solvent is a refined petroleum distillate derived from the naphtha and, Goldman's Cecil Medicine (Twenty Fourth Edition), Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, H304: may be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
Kerosene is biodegradable in soil, although some components of the mixture adhere strongly to the soil. Kerosene is widely used as a home heating fuel for both portable and installed heaters, and in developing countries, it is used in cooking stoves. Although animal studies on the reproductive effects of JP-7 were not reported, in one chronic study, mice exposed to 1000 or 5000 mg/m3 of JP-4 developed testicular atrophy 12 months after the end of exposure period; however, this exposure did not adversely affect the testis in rats (Bruner et al., 1993). These essentially contain hydrocarbon distillates and sometimes mineral seal oil. Table 1. The boiling range of Stoddard solvent is approximately 148.8–204.4 °C. 4. In many jurisdictions, there are not enough arson cases to justify the employment of forensic laboratory scientists who are trained and assigned exclusively to arson cases. A fourth type (type 4) might be considered as a crude mixture not treated beyond the process of distillation. The hazards of aspiring hydrocarbons during ingestion depend on viscosity and surface tension, both of which are related to the molecular weight. Kerosene is derived from the Greek word “keros” which means wax. Kerosene can enter the environment because of its uses – engine fuels, domestic heating, pesticide, and solvent. A special preparation of petroleum distillate type 1 is manufactured in the United States under the name of Stoddard solvent. Finally aromatic hydrocarbons can also be found in significant proportions up to 25% in these distillates. Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal Studies are lacking on reproductive effects following inhalation exposure to JP-4 or JP-7 in humans (ATSDR, 1995b). It is also commonly used to fuel gas lamps in developing countries. The kerosene and paraffin difference is that the paraffin is a component of kerosene, and when petroleum refining is complete, it remains as a waxy residue.
- Definition & Examples, Heterogeneous Mixture Lesson for Kids: Definition & Examples, What is Suspension in Science? This is because kerosene is not a pure chemical compound. All rights reserved. Worldwide consumption of kerosene is about 1.2 million barrels per day. One study did not find significant differences in sperm parameters in the USAF personnel exposed to JP-4/JP-8 and other hydrocarbons compared to unexposed controls (Lemasters et al., 1999). High inhalation exposure to kerosene can induce CNS depression, characterized by ataxia, hypoactivity, and prostration. The oral ingestion of kerosene and other petroleum distillates is potentially more hazardous than the inhalation of vapors. Services, Mixture in Chemistry: Definition & Examples, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community.
Finally, the interpretation of the scientific results requires a great degree of expertise to avoid any erroneous conclusions that may cause an accidental fire to be mischaracterized as arson. Except for a single case report that JP-4 can be absorbed following inhalation exposure in humans, no other studies were located that evaluated the absorption of JP-4 and JP-7 in humans or animals (Stoica et al., 2001). Become a Study.com member to unlock this H.F. McFarlane, T.A. How big is an electron compared with a proton? Classification of petroleum distillates (all substances indicated in Table 1) according to the globally harmonized system (GHS) developed by United Nations. Synonyms: Jet fuel 5, Jet fuel 8, K-1 kerosene, hydrotreated distillate light, white kerosene, stove oil, light distillate, furnace oil, fuel oil light. How many electrons would it take to equal the mass of a helium nucleus? Kerosene is a higher fraction of crude oil.... Kerosene is the fraction of crude oil composed of #C_12H_26-C_15H_32# hydrocarbons. Prior exposure to alkylating agents such as melphalan and the nitrosoureas is associated with an increased risk of secondary AML, which often manifests initially as a myelodysplastic syndrome (Chapter 188), frequently with abnormalities of chromosomes 5, 7, and 8 but with no distinct morphologic features. When used illegally in the crime of arson, trace amounts of these accelerants can often be detected with sensitive laboratory instruments. The average dollar loss was estimated to be $17,612 per offense.
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