[22], Starting around 2009, a spate of apparent poisonings at girls' schools across Afghanistan began to be reported; symptoms included dizziness, fainting and vomiting. ", Kerchoff, Alan C. "Analyzing a Case of Mass Psychogenic Illness. Inability to concentrate/trouble thinking. Robert Bartholomew, an American medical sociologist and author, said, "It is no coincidence that Kelantan, the most religiously conservative of all Malaysian states, is also the one most prone to outbreaks." Singer, of the Uniformed Schools of Medicine, puts the problems with such a diagnosis thus:[10] "Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness", "The function of shared affect in groups", "Analyzing a Case of Mass Psychogenic Illness", "Dioxins, Coca-Cola, and mass sociogenic illness in Belgium", "Outbreak of Coca-Cola-related illness in Belgium: a true association", "Belgian Coca-Cola-related Outbreak: Intoxication, Mass Sociogenic Illness, or Both? sign up for alerts, and more, to access your subscriptions, sign up for alerts, and more, to download free article PDFs, sign up for alerts, customize your interests, and more, to make a comment, download free article PDFs, sign up for alerts and more, Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959), Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal, FDA Approval and Regulation of Pharmaceuticals, 1983-2018, Global Burden of Skin Diseases, 1990-2017, Health Care Spending in the US and Other High-Income Countries, Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017, Medical Marketing in the United States, 1997-2016, Practices to Foster Physician Presence and Connection With Patients in the Clinical Encounter, US Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, 1990-2016, Waste in the US Health Care System: Estimated Costs and Potential for Savings, Register for email alerts with links to free full-text articles. Terms of Use| While a diagnosis is usually made by excluding infectious, allergic, and toxic … The younger girls proved more susceptible, but disturbance was more severe and lasted longer in the older girls. Childhood or adolescence, intense media coverage. It precludes the notion that an organic factor could have been overlooked. [11], Between the 15th and 19th centuries, instances of motor hysteria were common in nunneries. Some reported physical symptoms of what they believed to be anthrax. [4] Qualities of MPI outbreaks often include:[3], British psychiatrist Simon Wesseley distinguishes between two forms of MPI:[1], While his definition is sometimes adhered to,[1][6] others such as Ali-Gombe et al. Dancing mania was widespread over Europe. All Rights Reserved. Little certainty exists regarding its etiology". [1], In 2017, some employees of the US embassy in Cuba reported symptoms (nicknamed the "Havana syndrome") attributed to "sonic attacks". Mass psychogenic illness (MPI), also called mass sociogenic illness, mass psychogenic disorder, epidemic hysteria, or mass hysteria, is "the rapid spread of illness signs and symptoms affecting members of a cohesive group, originating from a nervous system disturbance involving excitation, loss, or alteration of function, whereby physical complaints that are exhibited unconsciously have no corresponding organic aetiology". These were supposed to be associated with spirit possession or the bite of the tarantula. Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below. of the University of Maiduguri, Nigeria contest Wesseley's definition and describe outbreaks with qualities of both mass motor hysteria and mass anxiety hysteria. Dr Simon Wessely of King's College Hospital, London suggested it was a form of 'collective behaviour'. Schools and work places are recognized as illness-producing settings. When the population at risk includes both sexes, women and girls typically are affected more frequently and more severely than men and boys. The paucity of physical findings contrasts, Levine RJ. As evidenced by medical records, healthcare professionals were aware of this scam, and witnessed parents who actively refused aid for their children, but remained silent. Those affected were found to have high levels of job dissatisfaction. Kerchoff postulates that such were "less likely to cope successfully under conditions of strain. Of 62 total outbreaks, 59 were women, some of whom believed they were bitten by bugs from a fabric shipment,[15] so entomologists and others were called in to discover the pathogen, but none was found. Their lives were highly regimented and often marked by strict disciplinary action. ", Radovanovic, Z. Later, Sveriges Television, Sweden's national public television broadcaster, were severely critiqued by investigative journalist Janne Josefsson for failing to uncover the truth[38]. Some scientists have suggested the alleged symptoms were psychogenic in nature. [8] John Waller advises that once it is determined that the illness is psychogenic, it should not be given credence by authorities. [4][6][8] The illness may also recur after the initial outbreak. Stahl and Lebedun[16] describe an outbreak of mass sociogenic illness in the data center of a university town in the United States mid-west in 1974. There is a lack of logic in an argument that proceeds: "There isn't anything, so it must be MPI." He suggested that the screaming outbreak was caused by the constricted environment. Ten of thirty-nine workers smelling an unconfirmed "mystery gas" were rushed to a hospital with symptoms of dizziness, fainting, nausea and vomiting. They would often use crude language and exhibit suggestive behaviors. The excellent article by Robinson and colleagues 1 in this issue of the Archives reminds us that mass hysteria is not infrequently encountered among groups including women or girls in close personal association and experiencing stress. [31][32][33], Refugee children in Sweden have been reported to fall into coma-like states on learning their families will be deported. . "Mystery Gas: An Analysis of Mass Hysteria. [23][24], In August 2019 the BBC reported that schoolgirls at the Ketereh national secondary school (SMK Ketereh) in Kelantan, Malaysia, started screaming, with some claiming to have seen 'a face of pure evil'. ", Results seemed consistent with a model of. "[1], Intense media coverage seems to exacerbate outbreaks. The factory – employing 965 workers – was named the "Montana Mills", a subsidiary of a northern business that had moved into town only a few years prior. symptoms that have no plausible organic basis; symptoms that are spread via sight, sound or oral communication; a spread that moves down the age scale, beginning with older or higher-status people; Strain – those affected were more likely to work overtime frequently and provide the majority of the family income. Symptoms included swooning, moaning, chattering of teeth, hyperpnea, and tetany. "Mass Psychogenic Illness: Role of the Individual Physician. All Rights Reserved, 1984;144(10):1945-1946. doi:10.1001/archinte.1984.04400010053009, Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography, Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience, Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment, Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine, United States Preventive Services Task Force.
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